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Lijsten van vermeende sekten: verschil tussen versies

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Het gebruik van de term ''sekte'' (of in het Engels ook ''cult'') voor [[nieuwe religieuze beweging|religieuze bewegingen]] in overheidsdocumenten komt over het algemeen overeen met het alledaagse en negatieve gebruik van het woord ''sekte''.<ref name = "Richardson01">{{cite journal | author = [[James T. Richardson|Richardson, James T.]] and [[Massimo Introvigne|Introvigne, Massimo]] | year = 2001 | title = ‘Brainwashing’ Theories in European Parliamentary and Administrative Reports on ‘Cults’ and ‘Sects’  | journal = Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–168 | doi=10.1111/0021-8294.00046}}</ref><ref name="Robbins02">{{cite journal | author = [[Thomas Robbins (sociologist)|Robbins, Thomas]] | year = 2002 | title = Combating ‘Cults’ and ‘Brainwashing’ in the United States and Europe: A Comment on Richardson and Introvigne’s Report | journal = Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 169–76 | doi=10.1111/0021-8294.00047}}</ref> Verslagen van de overheid of door de overheid aangestelde commissies waarin de woorden ''sekte'' of ''cult'' werden gebruikt, kwamen voor in België,<ref name="belgium1997" /> Duitsland,<ref name="germany1997" /> Canada,<ref name="canadianintelligence" /> Frankrijk,<ref name="france1995" /> Oostenrijk<ref name="unhcr">[[s:International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Austria|International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Austria]], uitgegeven door het Bureau van Democratie, Mensenrechten en Werk (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor), United States Department of State.<br/>„The vast majority of groups termed ‘sects’ by the Government were small organizations with fewer than 100 members. Among the larger groups was the Church of Scientology, with between 5,000 and 6,000 members, and the Unification Church, with approximately 700 adherents throughout the country. Other groups found in the country included Divine Light Mission, Eckankar, Hare Krishna, the Holosophic community, the [[Osho movement]], Sahaja Yoga, Sai Baba, Sri Chinmoy, Transcendental Meditation, Landmark Education, the Center for Experimental Society Formation, Fiat Lux, Universal Life, and The Family.”</ref> en de [[Verenigde Staten van Amerika|Verenigde Staten]].<ref name="assessing" />  Hoewel deze documenten gelijkaardige bewoordingen gebruiken, bevatten ze niet noodzakelijk dezelfde groepen, noch zijn er vaststaande criteria om een groep al dan niet in de lijst op te nemen.<ref name="Richardson01" /><ref name="Robbins02" /> Ook andere regeringen deden onderzoek naar [nieuwe] religieuze bewegingen, maar gebruikten de termen ''sekte'' of ''cult''.<ref name = "Richardson01" />
Het gebruik van de term '''sekte''' (of in het Engels ook '''cult''') voor [[nieuwe religieuze beweging|religieuze bewegingen]] in overheidsdocumenten komt over het algemeen overeen met het alledaagse en negatieve gebruik van het woord ''sekte''.<ref name = "Richardson01">{{cite journal | author = [[James T. Richardson|Richardson, James T.]] and [[Massimo Introvigne|Introvigne, Massimo]] | year = 2001 | title = ‘Brainwashing’ Theories in European Parliamentary and Administrative Reports on ‘Cults’ and ‘Sects’  | journal = Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–168 | doi=10.1111/0021-8294.00046}}</ref><ref name="Robbins02">{{cite journal | author = [[Thomas Robbins (sociologist)|Robbins, Thomas]] | year = 2002 | title = Combating ‘Cults’ and ‘Brainwashing’ in the United States and Europe: A Comment on Richardson and Introvigne’s Report | journal = Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 169–76 | doi=10.1111/0021-8294.00047}}</ref> Verslagen van de overheid of door de overheid aangestelde commissies waarin de woorden ''sekte'' of ''cult'' werden gebruikt, kwamen voor in België,<ref name="belgium1997" /> Duitsland,<ref name="germany1997" /> Canada,<ref name="canadianintelligence" /> Frankrijk,<ref name="france1995" /> Oostenrijk<ref name="unhcr">[[s:International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Austria|International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Austria]], uitgegeven door het Bureau van Democratie, Mensenrechten en Werk (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor), United States Department of State.<br/>„The vast majority of groups termed ‘sects’ by the Government were small organizations with fewer than 100 members. Among the larger groups was the Church of Scientology, with between 5,000 and 6,000 members, and the Unification Church, with approximately 700 adherents throughout the country. Other groups found in the country included Divine Light Mission, Eckankar, Hare Krishna, the Holosophic community, the [[Osho movement]], Sahaja Yoga, Sai Baba, Sri Chinmoy, Transcendental Meditation, Landmark Education, the Center for Experimental Society Formation, Fiat Lux, Universal Life, and The Family.”</ref> en de [[Verenigde Staten van Amerika|Verenigde Staten]].<ref name="assessing" />  Hoewel deze documenten gelijkaardige bewoordingen gebruiken, bevatten ze niet noodzakelijk dezelfde groepen, noch zijn er vaststaande criteria om een groep al dan niet in de lijst op te nemen.<ref name="Richardson01" /><ref name="Robbins02" /> Ook andere regeringen deden onderzoek naar [nieuwe] religieuze bewegingen, maar gebruikten de termen ''sekte'' of ''cult'' niet.<ref name = "Richardson01" />


{{meebezig|U kan helpen het artikel om te zetten naar het Nederlands}}
{{meebezig|U kan helpen het artikel om te zetten naar het Nederlands}}


== Australië ==
== Australië ==
In Australië verwees het Parlement van South Wales op 24 november 1992 naar [[Kenja Communication]] as ''cult''.<ref>{{cite news  | last =Hon. S. B. MUTCH  | title =Kenja Cult  | work =[[Parliament of New South Wales]], transcript  | publisher =www.parliament.nsw.gov.au  | date =November 24, 1992  | url =http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansArt.nsf/V3Key/LC19921124035  | accessdate =2008-08-10  }}</ref>
In Australië verwees het parlement van South Wales op 24 november 1992 naar [[Kenja Communication]] as ''cult''.<ref>{{cite news  | last =Hon. S. B. MUTCH  | title =Kenja Cult  | work =[[Parliament of New South Wales]], transcript  | publisher =www.parliament.nsw.gov.au  | date =November 24, 1992  | url =http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansArt.nsf/V3Key/LC19921124035  | accessdate =2008-08-10  }}</ref>


== België ==
== België ==
Regel 262: Regel 262:
{{details3|[[Religious freedom in France]], [[Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France]], [[MIVILUDES]]}}
{{details3|[[Religious freedom in France]], [[Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France]], [[MIVILUDES]]}}


In 1995 publiceerde een parlementaire commissie van de Nationale Vergadering van Frankrijk [[National Assembly of France]] een verslag over ’sekten’.<ref name="france1995">[http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp  French report, 1995], [http://cftf.com/french/Les_Sectes_en_France/cults.html English translation], [[National Assembly of France]], Parliamentary Commission report.</ref> ([http://cftf.com/french/Les_Sectes_en_France/cults.html niet-officiële Engelse vertaling]). The report included a list of purported cults compiled by the general information division of the [[French National Police]] (''[[Renseignements généraux]]'' — a French police service) in association with cult-watching groups.
In 1995 publiceerde een parlementaire commissie van de Nationale Vergadering van Frankrijk [[National Assembly of France]] een verslag over ’sekten’.<ref name="france1995">[http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp  French report, 1995], [http://cftf.com/french/Les_Sectes_en_France/cults.html English translation], [[National Assembly of France]], Parliamentary Commission report.</ref> ([http://cftf.com/french/Les_Sectes_en_France/cults.html niet-officiële Engelse vertaling]). Het verslag bevatte een lijst van vermeende sekten, die was samengesteld door de algemene informatiedienst (''Renseignements généraux'') van de Franse nationale politie, in samenwerking met anti-sekten-organisaties.


In May 2005 the then [[Prime Minister of France]], in a ''[[circulaire]]'',<ref name=circulaire>{{cite web|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000809117&dateTexte=|title= Circulaire du 27 mai 2005 relative à la lutte contre les dérives sectaires|accessdate= 2007-07-26|last= Raffarin |first= Jean-Pierre |authorlink= Jean-Pierre Raffarin|date= 2005-06-01|work= JORF n°126 du 1 juin 2005 page 9751 texte n° 8 |publisher= République Française|pages= 9751|language= French}}</ref> which stressed that the government must exercise vigilance concerning the cult phenomenon,<ref name=circulaire /> said that the list of movements attached to the Parliamentary Report of 1995 had become less pertinent, based on the observation that many small groups had formed: scattered, more mobile, and less-easily identifiable,<ref name=circulaire /> and that the government needed to balance its concern with cults with respect for public freedoms and [[laïcité]] (secularism).<ref name=circulaire /> Subsequent French parliamentary commissions on cults reported on specific aspects of cult activity in 1999<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dossiers/sectes/sommaire.asp|title= Les sectes et l'argent [Cults and money]|accessdate= 3007-07-26| author= ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE|authorlink= National Assembly of France|coauthors= |date= 1999-06-10|publisher= République Française|language= French |quote= La typologie de 1995 garde toute sa pertinence [The 1995 analysis remains totally relevant]}}</ref> and in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/rapports/r3179.asp|title= RAPPORT FAIT AU NOM DE LA COMMISSION DES LOIS CONSTITUTIONNELLES, DE LA LÉGISLATION ET   DE L'ADMINISTRATION GÉNÉRALE DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE SUR LA PROPOSITION DE RÉSOLUTION (n° 3107) DE M. VUILQUE ET PLUSIEURS DE SES COLLÈGUES tendant à la création d'une commission d'enquête relative à l'influence des mouvements à caractère sectaire et aux conséquences de leurs pratiques sur la santé physique et mentale des mineurs
In mei 2005 zei de toenmalige premier van Frankrijk, in een rondschrijven (''circulaire''),<ref name=circulaire>{{cite web|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000809117&dateTexte=|title= Circulaire du 27 mai 2005 relative à la lutte contre les dérives sectaires|accessdate= 2007-07-26|last= Raffarin |first= Jean-Pierre |authorlink= Jean-Pierre Raffarin|date= 2005-06-01|work= JORF n°126 du 1 juin 2005 page 9751 texte n° 8 |publisher= République Française|pages= 9751|language= French}}</ref> waarin beklemtoond werd dat de regering waakzaam moet zijn tegenover het sektenfenomeen,<ref name=circulaire /> dat de lijst van bewegingen bij het verslag van 1995 minder belangrijk was geworden, wegens de observatie dat er vele kleine groepen gevormd werden: geografisch verspreide, mobiele en moeilijker identificeerbare groepen,<ref name=circulaire /> en dat de regering het evenwicht moest houden tussen de bezorgdheid wegens sekten en het respect voor de persoonlijke vrijheden en de principes van de seculiere staat (''laïcité'').<ref name=circulaire /> Volgende Franse parlementaire commissies brachten verslag uit over specifieke aspecten van de ’sekten’-activiteiten in 1999<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dossiers/sectes/sommaire.asp|title= Les sectes et l'argent [Cults and money]|accessdate= 2007-07-26| author= Assemblée Nationale|authorlink= National Assembly of France|coauthors= |date= 1999-06-10|publisher= République Française|language= French |quote= La typologie de 1995 garde toute sa pertinence [The 1995 analysis remains totally relevant]}}</ref> en in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/rapports/r3179.asp|title= RAPPORT FAIT AU NOM DE LA COMMISSION DES LOIS CONSTITUTIONNELLES, DE LA LÉGISLATION ET DE L’ADMINISTRATION GÉNÉRALE DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE SUR LA PROPOSITION DE RÉSOLUTION (n° 3107) DE M. VUILQUE ET PLUSIEURS DE SES COLLÈGUES tendant à la création d’une commission d’enquête relative à l’influence des mouvements à caractère sectaire et aux conséquences de leurs pratiques sur la santé physique et mentale des mineurs
|accessdate= 2008-07-26|last= Fenech|first= Georges|authorlink= Georges Fenech|date= 2006-06-21 |work= |publisher= République Française|language= French|quote= }}</ref>
|accessdate= 2008-07-26|last= Fenech|first= Georges|authorlink= Georges Fenech|date= 2006-06-21 |work= |publisher= République Française|language= French|quote= }}</ref>


===Verslag van de Franse parlementaire commissie (1995)===
===Verslag van de Franse parlementaire commissie (1995)===
De opinie is in Frankrijk verdeeld over het verslag van de parlementaire commissie uit 1995. Een provincierechtbank stelde dat al deze parlementaire geen juridische uitwerking hebben.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.coordiap.com/Document/sectes-liste-noire.pdf|title= TRIBUNAL ADMINISTRATIF DE CAEN N° 0500913|accessdate= 2008-07-26|year= 2007|format= PDF|work= |publisher= Le Tribunal administratif de Caen, (1er Chambre)|language= French|quote= ... un rapport établi par la commission d’enquête de l’Assemblée nationale classant les Témoins de Jehovah parmi les sectes, un tel rapport étant dépourvu de valeur Juridique ...}}</ref> And as stated above, a Prime Ministerial ''circulaire'' warned that name-changes had reduced the usefulness of this particular Parliamentary report.<ref name=circulaire />
De opinie is in Frankrijk verdeeld over het verslag van de parlementaire commissie uit 1995. Een provincierechtbank stelde dat al deze parlementaire geen juridische uitwerking hebben.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.coordiap.com/Document/sectes-liste-noire.pdf|title= TRIBUNAL ADMINISTRATIF DE CAEN N° 0500913|accessdate= 2008-07-26|year= 2007|format= PDF|work= |publisher= Le Tribunal administratif de Caen, (1er Chambre)|language= French|quote= ... un rapport établi par la commission d’enquête de l’Assemblée nationale classant les Témoins de Jehovah parmi les sectes, un tel rapport étant dépourvu de valeur Juridique ...}}</ref> Het rondschrijven van de premier wees erop dat allerlei omstandigheden zoals naamsveranderingen het nut van dit specifieke parlementaire verslag had doen afnemen.<ref name=circulaire />


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Regel 493: Regel 493:


==Rusland==
==Rusland==
In 2008 the [[Russian Interior Ministry]] prepared a list of "extremist groups."  At the top of the list were Islamic groups outside of "traditional Islam," which is supervised by the Russian government. Next listed were [[Neopaganism|"Pagan cults"]].<ref>''The new nobility : the restoration of Russia's security state and the enduring legacy of the KGB'', Author: Andreĭ Soldatov; I Borogan,
In 2008 stelde het Russische Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken een lijst van wat zij als „extremistische groepen” beschouwden. Bovenaan de lijst stonden islamitische groepen buiten de „traditionele islam” die onder het opzicht staat van de Russische regering. Vervolgens stonden op de lijst „heidense sekten”.<ref>Andreĭ Soldatov; I. Borogan, ''The new nobility: the restoration of Russia’s security state and the enduring legacy of the KGB'', New York, NY, PublicAffairs, 2010. p. 65-66</ref> In 2009 richtte het Russische Ministerie van Justitie een Raad op met de naam (vertaald ongeveer:) ''Raad van Experten die Staatkundig Religieuze Studies Expert-Analyses doorvoeren.'' Deze nieuwe Raad stelde een lijst op van 80 grote religieuze groeperingen die zij als potentieel gevaarlijk beschouwden voor de Russische samenleving, en vermeldde dat er duizenden kleinere van deze groeperingen bestaan. Onder de vermeldde groeperingen zijn de [[Kerk van Jezus Christus van de Heiligen der Laatste Dagen]], [[Jehovah’s Getuigen]], en wat zij „neo-pentecostalen” (''’nieuwe’ pinkstergemeenten''). <ref>''Persecuted: The Global Assault on Christians (Google eBook), Paul Marshall, 2013, Thomas Nelsona Inc</ref>
Publisher: New York, NY : PublicAffairs, ©2010. pages 65-66</ref> In 2009 the [[Russian Ministry of Justice]] created a council which it named "Council of Experts Conducting State Religious Studies Expert Analysis."  The new council listed 80 large sects which it considered potentially dangerous to Russian society, and mentioned that there were thousands of smaller ones. Large sects listed included: [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and what were called "neo-Pentecostals." <ref>''Persecuted: The Global Assault on Christians (Google eBook), Paul Marshall, 2013, Thomas Nelson Inc</ref>


==Verenigde Staten==
==Verenigde Staten==
=== Committee on Government Reform (August 1999) ===
=== Comité voor Regeringshervorming (augustus 1999)===
;''Suspect Organizations and Individuals Possessing Long-Range Fifty Caliber Sniper Weapons''
;''Suspect Organizations and Individuals Possessing Long-Range Fifty Caliber Sniper Weapons''
A report to the [[United States House of Representatives]], Section VI is entitled "Montana Doomsday Religious Cult - "Church Universal and Triumphant".  
Een rapport van het Committee on Government Reform uit augustus 1999 aan de Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers van de Verenigde Staten (House of Representatives), Sectie VI, heeft de titel ''Montana Doomsday Religious Cult – “Church Universal and Triumphant”.
*[[Church Universal and Triumphant]]<ref>[http://www.democrats.reform.house.gov/Documents/20040830103758-73537.pdf Suspect Organizations and Individuals Possessing Long-Range Fifty Caliber Sniper Weapons], [[United States House of Representatives]], Committee on Government Reform, August 17, 1999., VI: Additional Cases: "Montana Doomsday Religious Cult - "Church Universal and Triumphant", Page 8.<blockquote>The GAO investigators found a 1989 case in Montana in which members of a "doomsday religious cult" had stockpiled many weapons, including several fifty caliber weapons.  The cult is called the "Church Universal and Triumphant" (C.U.T.), and its leader is Elizabeth Clare Prophet.  The cult was in the process of building underground bunkers to prepare for the end of the world.  This investigation began because Ms. Prophet's and another cult member used birth certificates of deceased individuals to obtain driver's licenses so that they could purchase and stockpile weapons.<br>In an ATF crackdown, agents found that the cult members had illegally acquired hundreds of weapons and thousands of rounds of ammunition.  Among this stockpile was ten semi-automatic fifty caliber weapons purchased with false identifications.  The cult members were convicted of illegally purchasing firearms.  According to GAO, Ms. Prophet continues to lead the cult and was not charged in connection with these offenses.</blockquote></ref>
*[[Church Universal and Triumphant]]<ref>[http://www.democrats.reform.house.gov/Documents/20040830103758-73537.pdf Suspect Organizations and Individuals Possessing Long-Range Fifty Caliber Sniper Weapons], [[United States House of Representatives]], Committee on Government Reform, August 17, 1999, VI: Additional Cases: Montana Doomsday Religious Cult - “Church Universal and Triumphant”, p. 8.<blockquote>De [[Government Accountability Office|GAO]] speurders vonden een zaak in 1989 in Montana waarin een „doemsdag-religieuze-sekte” een groot aantal wapens had opgeslagen, waaronder verschillende ''fifty caliber'' wapens. De sekte (''cult'') heet de „Universele en Triomfantelijke Kerk” (''Church Universal and Triumphant'') (C.U.T.), en de leider ervan is Elizabeth Clare Prophet. De sekte was bezig met het bouwen van ondergrondse bunkers als voorbereiding voor het einde van de wereld. Het onderzoek werd gestart toen mw. Prophet en een ander sektelid geboorteakten van overledenen gebruikten om rijbewijzen te verkrijgen, om zo wapens te kunnen aankopen en opslaan.<br/>In een razzia door de [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]] vonden agenten dat de sekteleden illegaal honderden wapens hadden aangekocht en duizenden munitiepatronen. In dit magazijn bevonden zich onder andere tien halfautomatische kaliber vijftig wapens, aangekocht onder een valse naam. De sekteleden werden veroordeeld wegens het illegaal kopen van vuurwapens? Volgens GAO leidt mw. Prophet nog steeds de sekte en werd niet aangeklaagd wegens deze inbreuken.<br/><small>The GAO investigators found a 1989 case in Montana in which members of a “doomsday religious cult” had stockpiled many weapons, including several fifty caliber weapons.  The cult is called the “Church Universal and Triumphant” (C.U.T.), and its leader is Elizabeth Clare Prophet.  The cult was in the process of building underground bunkers to prepare for the end of the world.  This investigation began because Ms. Prophet’s and another cult member used birth certificates of deceased individuals to obtain driver’s licenses so that they could purchase and stockpile weapons.<br>In an ATF crackdown, agents found that the cult members had illegally acquired hundreds of weapons and thousands of rounds of ammunition.  Among this stockpile was ten semi-automatic fifty caliber weapons purchased with false identifications.  The cult members were convicted of illegally purchasing firearms.  According to GAO, Ms. Prophet continues to lead the cult and was not charged in connection with these offenses.</small></blockquote></ref>


===Project Megiddo (October 1999)===
===Project Megiddo (oktober 1999)===
{{details|Project Megiddo}}
{{details|Project Megiddo}}


Project Megiddo consisted of an [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] analysis, with a report released on October 20, 1999.<ref name="megiddo">[http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3578/www.fbi.gov/library/megiddo/megiddo.pdf Project Megiddo], [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] Strategic Assessment, October 20, 1999, retrieved 2007-07-03</ref> The report warned against: "the potential for extremist criminal activity in the United States by individuals or domestic groups who attach special significance to the year 2000."<ref name="megiddo" /> Its analysis focused on [[Apocalypse|apocalyptic]] religious groups, [[doomsday cults]] and [[New World Order (conspiracy)|(New World Order)]] [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]].
Project Megiddo was een analyse door de [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], die met een begeleidend verslag werd uitgegeven op 20 oktober 1999.<ref name="megiddo">[http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3578/www.fbi.gov/library/megiddo/megiddo.pdf Project Megiddo], [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] Strategic Assessment, October 20, 1999, retrieved 2007-07-03</ref> Het verslag waarschuwde tegen „het potentieel voor extremistische criminele activiteiten in de Verenigde Staten door individuele personen of groepen die bepaalde betekenis hechten aan het jaar 2000.<ref name=megiddo-source>„the potential for extremist criminal activity in the United States by individuals or domestic groups who attach special significance to the year 2000.”</ref><ref name="megiddo" /> De analyse concentreerde zich op [[Apocalyps|apocalyptische]] religieuze groepen, ''doomsday cults'' en Nieuwe Wereld Orde-samenzweringstheorieën.


The report discussed the potential for violence in groups that it called "biblically-driven cults"<ref>{{cite web| url        = http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3578/www.fbi.gov/library/megiddo/megiddo.pdf| title      = Project Megiddo| accessdate  =2008-10-13| format      = PDF| publisher  = FBI| pages      = 4| quote      = The potential for violence on behalf of members of biblically-driven cults is determined almost exclusively by the whims of the cult leader.}}</ref>  The report  warned that "less time spent on Bible study and more time spent on physical training - indicate that the cult may be preparing for some type of action."<ref name="megiddo" /> Groups singled out and analyzed in the report under the heading "Apocalyptic Cults" included the [[Branch Davidians]], the [[Concerned Christians]], and [[Law Revue]].<ref name="megiddo" /> The [[International Asatru-Odinic Alliance]] accused the FBI of violating its [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] rights to [[freedom of religion]], [[free speech]], and [[Freedom of assembly|peaceful assembly]]. The reason given for this accusation was the propagation of "numerous false statements and innuendos" about [[Odinism]] in the Project Megiddo report.<ref>[http://www.cesnur.org/testi/FBI_007.htm IAOA news release]</ref>
Het verslag behandelde het potentiële geweld in groepen die in het verslag „biblically-driven cults” werden genoemd, „bijbels aangedreven sekten”.<ref>{{cite web| url        = http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3578/www.fbi.gov/library/megiddo/megiddo.pdf| title      = Project Megiddo| accessdate  =2008-10-13| format      = PDF| publisher  = FBI| pages      = 4| quote      = The potential for violence on behalf of members of biblically-driven cults is determined almost exclusively by the whims of the cult leader.}}</ref>  Het verslag waarschuwde dat „minder tijd doorgebracht met [[Bijbelstudie]] en meer tijd met fysieke training, kunnen een aanwijzing zijn dat de sekte zich aan het voorbereiden is voor een bepaalde soort actie.<ref name="megiddo" /> Groepen die in het verslag behandeld werden onder hat kopje ''Apocalyptic Cults'' waren onder meer de [[Branch Davidians]], de [[Concerned Christians]], en [[Law Revue]].<ref name="megiddo" /> De [[International Asatru-Odinic Alliance]] beschuldigde de FBI ervan de dat zij het ’First Amendment’ overtraden van de Constitutie van de Verenigde Staten, namelijk de religieuze vrijheid, vrijheid van spreken en vrijheid om vreedzaam te vergaderen. De reden voor hun beschuldiging was dat het Project Megiddo-verslag talrijke verkeerde gegevens gaf over het [[odinisme]].<ref>[http://www.cesnur.org/testi/FBI_007.htm IAOA news release]</ref>


=== Assessing the Threat (December 1999) ===
=== Assessing the Threat (December 1999) ===
On December 15, 1999 the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction presented a report called ''Assessing the Threat'' to the [[President of the United States]] and to the [[United States Congress]].  The report discusses the 1984 contamination of salad bars in [[Oregon]] by the [[Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh]] group, and the [[Aum Shinrikyo]] [[Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway]] of 1995.  Both groups are referred to as cults in the report.<ref name="assessing">{{cite book | last =Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Assessing The Threat: First Annual Report to The President and The Congress of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction | publisher =DIANE Publishing | date =December 15, 1999 | location = | pages =18, 24, 26, 28, 38, 40, 46–51 | url =http://www.rand.org/nsrd/terrpanel/terror.pdf | doi = | id = | isbn = 1-4289-8112-8|format=PDF}}</ref>
On December 15, 1999 the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction presented a report called ''Assessing the Threat'' to the [[President of the United States]] and to the [[United States Congress]].  The report discusses the 1984 contamination of salad bars in [[Oregon]] by the [[Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh]] group, and the [[Aum Shinrikyo]] [[Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway]] of 1995.  Both groups are referred to as cults in the report.<ref name="assessing">{{cite book | last =Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Assessing The Threat: First Annual Report to The President and The Congress of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction | publisher =DIANE Publishing | date =December 15, 1999 | location = | pages =18, 24, 26, 28, 38, 40, 46–51 | url =http://www.rand.org/nsrd/terrpanel/terror.pdf | doi = | id = | isbn = 1-4289-8112-8|format=PDF}}</ref>


Regel 516: Regel 514:


===Frankrijk===
===Frankrijk===
The criteria chosen by the French Renseignements généraux to establish the potential dangers of a movement were criticized since they were considered vague and may include many organizations, religious or not. One of the first criticisms came from bishop [[Jean Vernette]], the national secretary of the French episcopate to the study of cults and new religious movements, who stressed that these criteria can be applied to almost all religions. Moreover, sociologists such as [[Bruno Étienne]] emphasized that the mental manipulation should not be defined by the policemen of the Renseignements généraux.<ref>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=Les sectes en France |publisher=Hachette littératures |year=2002 |language=French |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=213}}</ref> The list of cults was based on the criteria defined by the Renseignements généraux, but without specifying which of their practices are specifically criticized. In addition, the secrecy of the work made by the RG led to questions about the presence or absence of certain organizations in the list. Étienne questioned the presence of the CEDIPAC SA company, formerly known as [[European Grouping of Marketing Professionals]] (GEPM), as its activity is not in the religious field.<ref>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=Les sectes en France |publisher=Hachette littératures |year=2002 |language=French |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=224}}</ref> The absence of [[Opus Dei]] or the Freemasons also raised questions.<ref>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=Les sectes en France |publisher=Hachette littératures |year=2002 |language=French |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=182}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Raphaël Verrier |title=La loi anti-secte : remède empoisonné d'un mal imaginaire |url=http://lmsi.net/spip.php?article57 |publisher=Les mots sont importants |language=French |date=February 2001 |accessdate=9 September 2009}}</ref> In 2007, Yves Bertrand, General Director of the Renseignements généraux from 1992 to 2003, spoke about his collaborative work with the parliamentary reports on cults, and said: "Alongside genuine and dangerous cults practicing removal of school, abuse of weakness or pedophilia, some groups have been a bit quickly dress up of the word cult".<ref>{{cite book |first=Yves |last=Bertrand |publisher=Plon |year=1997 |title=Je ne sais rien mais je dirai (presque) tout |language=French |page=166}}</ref> Furthermore, on 27 May 2005, the 1995 list of cults of the French report was officially cancelled and invalidated by [[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]]'s circulaire.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/content/societe/article?id=19641 |title=La fin des listes noires |journal=[[Le Point]] |publisher=Artémis |place=Paris |language=French |date=23 June 2005 |accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref>
The criteria chosen by the French Renseignements généraux to establish the potential dangers of a movement were criticized since they were considered vague and may include many organizations, religious or not. One of the first criticisms came from bishop [[Jean Vernette]], the national secretary of the French episcopate to the study of cults and new religious movements, who stressed that these criteria can be applied to almost all religions. Moreover, sociologists such as [[Bruno Étienne]] emphasized that the mental manipulation should not be defined by the policemen of the Renseignements généraux.<ref name=Etienne>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=Les sectes en France |publisher=Hachette littératures |year=2002 |language=French |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=213}}</ref> The list of cults was based on the criteria defined by the Renseignements généraux, but without specifying which of their practices are specifically criticized. In addition, the secrecy of the work made by the RG led to questions about the presence or absence of certain organizations in the list. Étienne questioned the presence of the CEDIPAC SA company, formerly known as [[European Grouping of Marketing Professionals]] (GEPM), as its activity is not in the religious field.<ref name=Etienne/><ref>{{cite web |author=Raphaël Verrier |title=La loi anti-secte : remède empoisonné d'un mal imaginaire |url=http://lmsi.net/spip.php?article57 |publisher=Les mots sont importants |language=French |date=February 2001 |accessdate=9 September 2009}}</ref> In 2007, Yves Bertrand, General Director of the Renseignements généraux from 1992 to 2003, spoke about his collaborative work with the parliamentary reports on cults, and said: "Alongside genuine and dangerous cults practicing removal of school, abuse of weakness or pedophilia, some groups have been a bit quickly dress up of the word cult".<ref>{{cite book |first=Yves |last=Bertrand |publisher=Plon |year=1997 |title=Je ne sais rien mais je dirai (presque) tout |language=French |page=166}}</ref> Furthermore, on 27 May 2005, the 1995 list of cults of the French report was officially cancelled and invalidated by [[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]]'s circulaire.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/content/societe/article?id=19641 |title=La fin des listes noires |journal=[[Le Point]] |publisher=Artémis |place=Paris |language=French |date=23 June 2005 |accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref>


In France, [[Antoinism]] was classified as a cult in the 1995 parliamentary reports which considered it one of the oldest healer groups.<ref name="AN">{{Cite web |title=Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'enquête sur les sectes — "Les sectes en France" |url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp |publisher =Assemblée Nationale |language=French |year=1995 |accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref> However, in a 1984 letter, the French [[Minister of the Interior]] wrote that the movement was considered, from an administrative point of view, as having for exclusive purpose the exercise of a religion, thus complying with the 18th and 19th Articles of the [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State]]. He added that antoinism had always been allowed to receive bequests or donations, which meant that its religious nature was never challenged.<ref>{{cite book |title=La religion, une anomalie républicaine? |chapter=Chapitre 2: Les enfants dans la tourmente "sectaire" |first=Dominique |last=Kounkou |publisher=L'Harmattan |year=2003 |page=98 |language=French |isbn=2-7475-4094-4}}</ref> In addition, many anti-cults activists, associations or watchers said they had not noticed cultic deviances in this group. For example, when heard by the Belgian commission on cults, philosopher Luc Nefontaine said that "the establishment of a directory of cult movements (...) seems to him dangerous, because it would also give a bad image of quite honourable organizations such as (...) Antoinism".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'Enquête par MM. Duquesne et Willems (partie I) |url=http://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/pdf/49/0313/49K0313007.pdf |format=pdf |language=French |page=92 |publisher=Chambre des Représentants de Belgique |year=1997 |accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref> Eric Brasseur, director of Centre for information and advice on harmful cultish organizations (Centre d'information et d'avis sur les organisations sectaires nuisibles, or CIAOSN) said: "This is a Belgian worship for which we have never had a complaint in 12 years, a rare case to report".<ref>{{cite journal |title=L'antoinisme, seul mouvement religieux né en Belgique |url=http://www.lalibre.be/societe/general/article/774950/l-antoinisme-seul-mouvement-religieux-ne-en-belgique.html |first=Déborah |last=Taminiaux |journal=[[La Libre Belgique]] |date=1er novembre 2012 |accessdate=5 November 2012}}</ref> Similarly, in 2013, the [[MIVILUDES|Interministerial Mission for Monitoring and Combatting Cultic Deviances]] (Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives sectaires, or MIVILUDES) made this comment: "We have never received reporting from Antoinists. They heal through prayer, but as long as they do not prevent people from getting proper treatment by legal means..." In addition, the [[Direction centrale des renseignements généraux|Renseignements généraux]] stopped monitoring the religion given the absence of any problem.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Faut-il se méfier des fidèles du Culte Antoiniste ? |journal=Le Progrès |place=Loire |edition=Édition du Roannais |first=Justin |last=Mourez |date=23 mars 2013 |page=15 |language=French}}</ref> In 2002, the national service "Pastoral, sects and new beliefs" ("Pastorale, sectes et nouvelles croyances"), which analyses new religious movements from a catholic point of view, wrote about Antoinism: "Although listed among the cults in the 1995 Parliamentary Report, it has no cultish feature."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://troumad.org/sectes/partie_4/Antoinisme.html |title=L'Antoinisme |author=Pastorale, sectes et nouvelles croyances |publisher=troumad |date=octobre 2002 |language=French |accessdate=6 September 2012}}</ref> Similarly, the French sociologist [[Régis Dericquebourg]], who deeply studied the religion, concluded that Antoinism is not a cult: it "has no totalitarian influence on its members, and do not dictate their behaviour to get in the world; it is not exclusive [and] shows no hostility towards social systems".<ref>{{cite book |title=Les Antoinistes |first=Régis |last=Dericquebourg |authorlink=Régis Dericquebourg |year=1993 |place=Belgium |publisher=Brépols |language=French |page=139 |isbn=978-2-503-50325-7}}</ref>
In France, [[Antoinism]] was classified as a cult in the 1995 parliamentary reports which considered it one of the oldest healer groups.<ref name="AN">{{Cite web |title=Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'enquête sur les sectes — "Les sectes en France" |url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp |publisher =Assemblée Nationale |language=French |year=1995 |accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref> However, in a 1984 letter, the French [[Minister of the Interior]] wrote that the movement was considered, from an administrative point of view, as having for exclusive purpose the exercise of a religion, thus complying with the 18th and 19th Articles of the [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State]]. He added that antoinism had always been allowed to receive bequests or donations, which meant that its religious nature was never challenged.<ref>{{cite book |title=La religion, une anomalie républicaine? |chapter=Chapitre 2: Les enfants dans la tourmente "sectaire" |first=Dominique |last=Kounkou |publisher=L'Harmattan |year=2003 |page=98 |language=French |isbn=2-7475-4094-4}}</ref> In addition, many anti-cults activists, associations or watchers said they had not noticed cultic deviances in this group. For example, when heard by the Belgian commission on cults, philosopher Luc Nefontaine said that "the establishment of a directory of cult movements (...) seems to him dangerous, because it would also give a bad image of quite honourable organizations such as (...) Antoinism".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'Enquête par MM. Duquesne et Willems (partie I) |url=http://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/pdf/49/0313/49K0313007.pdf |format=pdf |language=French |page=92 |publisher=Chambre des Représentants de Belgique |year=1997 |accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref> Eric Brasseur, director of Centre for information and advice on harmful cultish organizations (Centre d'information et d'avis sur les organisations sectaires nuisibles, or CIAOSN) said: "This is a Belgian worship for which we have never had a complaint in 12 years, a rare case to report".<ref>{{cite journal |title=L'antoinisme, seul mouvement religieux né en Belgique |url=http://www.lalibre.be/societe/general/article/774950/l-antoinisme-seul-mouvement-religieux-ne-en-belgique.html |first=Déborah |last=Taminiaux |journal=[[La Libre Belgique]] |date=1er novembre 2012 |accessdate=5 November 2012}}</ref> Similarly, in 2013, the [[MIVILUDES|Interministerial Mission for Monitoring and Combatting Cultic Deviances]] (Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives sectaires, or MIVILUDES) made this comment: "We have never received reporting from Antoinists. They heal through prayer, but as long as they do not prevent people from getting proper treatment by legal means..." In addition, the [[Direction centrale des renseignements généraux|Renseignements généraux]] stopped monitoring the religion given the absence of any problem.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Faut-il se méfier des fidèles du Culte Antoiniste ? |journal=Le Progrès |place=Loire |edition=Édition du Roannais |first=Justin |last=Mourez |date=23 mars 2013 |page=15 |language=French}}</ref> In 2002, the national service "Pastoral, sects and new beliefs" ("Pastorale, sectes et nouvelles croyances"), which analyses new religious movements from a catholic point of view, wrote about Antoinism: "Although listed among the cults in the 1995 Parliamentary Report, it has no cultish feature."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://troumad.org/sectes/partie_4/Antoinisme.html |title=L'Antoinisme |author=Pastorale, sectes et nouvelles croyances |publisher=troumad |date=octobre 2002 |language=French |accessdate=6 September 2012}}</ref> Similarly, the French sociologist [[Régis Dericquebourg]], who deeply studied the religion, concluded that Antoinism is not a cult: it "has no totalitarian influence on its members, and do not dictate their behaviour to get in the world; it is not exclusive [and] shows no hostility towards social systems".<ref>{{cite book |title=Les Antoinistes |first=Régis |last=Dericquebourg |authorlink=Régis Dericquebourg |year=1993 |place=Belgium |publisher=Brépols |language=French |page=139 |isbn=978-2-503-50325-7}}</ref>


In France, the 1995 parliamentary report listed the [[Shri Ram Chandra Mission]]. This has been criticized by lawyer Lawrence Hincker, who said that "this system of meditation, called Sahaj Marg, does not lead to a life away from the world. It integrates all aspects of man, whether physical, mental or spiritual, without charge or austerity or penance or self-negation".<ref>{{cite book |first=Laurent |last=Hincker |title=Sectes, rumeurs et tribunaux |publisher=La nuée bleue |year=2003 |language=French}}</ref> According to the sociologist [[Bruno Étienne]], an expert on religious issues, the SRCM publishes books as any other group but does not proselytize, and has never been convicted: "To us, it is fully a NMR (new religious movement), modern religious group, although based on an ancient tradition, and subject to serious arguments advanced by others more knowledgeable, we do not understand why it is criticized on the list of the damned".<ref>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=La France face aux sectes |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=86 |language=French}}</ref> [[Raphaël Liogier]], Director of the Observatory of religious and university professor at the [[Institut d'Études Politiques]] in [[Aix-en-Provence]], said he did not understand the inclusion on the cult list of an association that is fully recognized in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Transcription intégrale de l'interview de Raphaël Liogier |url=http://www.sectes-infos.net/Raphael_Liogier_Transcript_Integral.htm |publisher=Centre d'Information et de Conseil des Nouvelles Spiritualités |date=May 2006 |language=French |accessdate=4 August 2010}}</ref>
In France, the 1995 parliamentary report listed the [[Shri Ram Chandra Mission]]. This has been criticized by lawyer Lawrence Hincker, who said that "this system of meditation, called Sahaj Marg, does not lead to a life away from the world. It integrates all aspects of man, whether physical, mental or spiritual, without charge or austerity or penance or self-negation".<ref>{{cite book |first=Laurent |last=Hincker |title=Sectes, rumeurs et tribunaux |publisher=La nuée bleue |year=2003 |language=French}}</ref> According to the sociologist [[Bruno Étienne]], an expert on religious issues, the SRCM publishes books as any other group but does not proselytize, and has never been convicted: "To us, it is fully a NMR (new religious movement), modern religious group, although based on an ancient tradition, and subject to serious arguments advanced by others more knowledgeable, we do not understand why it is criticized on the list of the damned".<ref name=Etienne/> [[Raphaël Liogier]], Director of the Observatory of religious and university professor at the [[Institut d'Études Politiques]] in [[Aix-en-Provence]], said he did not understand the inclusion on the cult list of an association that is fully recognized in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Transcription intégrale de l'interview de Raphaël Liogier |url=http://www.sectes-infos.net/Raphael_Liogier_Transcript_Integral.htm |publisher=Centre d'Information et de Conseil des Nouvelles Spiritualités |date=May 2006 |language=French |accessdate=4 August 2010}}</ref>


==Zie ook==
==Zie ook==
Regel 533: Regel 531:
* Whittier, Charles H., ''[[commons:The Cultic Phenomena: New and Emerging Religious Movements in America|The Cultic Phenomena: New and Emerging Religious Movements in America]]'', "Addendum II: Religious Cults in U.S. and Abroad.", Page CRS-45., [[Congressional Research Service]], [[Library of Congress]], Report No. 79-24 GOV., January 24, 1979.
* Whittier, Charles H., ''[[commons:The Cultic Phenomena: New and Emerging Religious Movements in America|The Cultic Phenomena: New and Emerging Religious Movements in America]]'', "Addendum II: Religious Cults in U.S. and Abroad.", Page CRS-45., [[Congressional Research Service]], [[Library of Congress]], Report No. 79-24 GOV., January 24, 1979.
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[[Category: Religielijsten]]
[[Categorie: Religielijsten]]
[[Categorie: Religieuze vervolging]]

Versie van 7 apr 2014 18:17

Het gebruik van de term sekte (of in het Engels ook cult) voor religieuze bewegingen in overheidsdocumenten komt over het algemeen overeen met het alledaagse en negatieve gebruik van het woord sekte.[1][2] Verslagen van de overheid of door de overheid aangestelde commissies waarin de woorden sekte of cult werden gebruikt, kwamen voor in België,[3] Duitsland,[4] Canada,[5] Frankrijk,[6] Oostenrijk[7] en de Verenigde Staten.[8] Hoewel deze documenten gelijkaardige bewoordingen gebruiken, bevatten ze niet noodzakelijk dezelfde groepen, noch zijn er vaststaande criteria om een groep al dan niet in de lijst op te nemen.[1][2] Ook andere regeringen deden onderzoek naar [nieuwe] religieuze bewegingen, maar gebruikten de termen sekte of cult niet.[1]


Australië

In Australië verwees het parlement van South Wales op 24 november 1992 naar Kenja Communication as cult.[9]

België

Parlementaire Onderzoekscommissie (1997)

De juridische commissie van de Belgische Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers benoemde een parlementaire onderzoekscommissie om een beleid in verband met sekten uit te stippelen. Op 28 april 1997 presenteerde de onderzoekscommissie een 670 bladzijden tellend verslag[3] dat een lijst bevatte van 189 groepen en bewegingen, en vermeldde dat "[t]he fact that a movement is listed here, even if at the instigation of an official instance, does not signify that the Commission regards it as a cult". Het parlement aanvaardde niet het hele verslag, en stemde ervoor om enkel de conclusies en aanbevelingen van de onderzoekscommissie aan te nemen (19 bladzijden), maar niet de lijst. Hoewel niet de hele lijst aangenomen werd, publiceerde de commissie het hele verslag.[10] Volgens Human Rights Without Frontiers International werd de Belgische Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in 2005 veroordeeld voor het schade toebrengen aan het imago van een organisatie (Universal Church of God’s Kingdom), die voorkwam in de lijst van de parlementaire onderzoekscommissie uit 1997.[11]

De lijst van bewegingen en groepen in het document van de onderzoekscommissie uit België:

  • 1. Aba Vangh
  • 2. Abrasax (Institut)
  • 3. Action Évangelique de Pentecôte (AEP) [Evangelical Action of Pentecost]
  • 4. Zevendedagsadventisten – Adventistes du 7e Jour
  • 5. Amish
  • 6. Ananda Marga
  • 7. Ange Albert (Glaube und Hoffnung) [Angel Albert (Belief and Hope)]
  • 8. Anthroposophie (Société Anthroposophique en Belgique)
  • 9. Antoinisme (culte antoiniste)
  • 10. Aoum [Aum Shinrikyo]
  • 11. Assemblée Viens et Vois [Come and See Assembly]
  • 12. Assemblées de Dieu [Assemblies of God]
  • 13. Association Centre Saint-Michel A.S.B.L. [Saint Michael Centre Association (asbl)]
  • 14. Association (du Saint-Esprit) pour l'Unification du Christianisme mondial (Moon) [The Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (Sun Myung Moon)]
  • 15. Association Égoïque [Ego Association]
  • 16. Association Internationale pour la Conscience de Krishna (AICK ou ISKCON) [International Society for Krishna Consciousness or ISKCON)]
  • 17. Association Maître Supreme Ching Hai [Association of the Supreme Master Ching Hai]
  • 18. Atlantide ou Ambassade de la Paix [Atlantid or Embassy of Peace]
  • 19. Au Cœur de la Communication (ACC) [At the Heart of Communication]
  • 20. Auram
  • 21. Axe Holistique [Holistic Axis]
  • 22. Baha'ie (La Foi Mondiale) [Bahá'í (the World Faith)]
  • 23. Ban Thai Laos
  • 24. Bhagwan (ou mouvement Neo Samyas) [Bhagwan (or Neo Samyas movement)]
  • 25. Brahma Kumaris
  • 26. Broeder Gregorius [Brother Gregory]
  • 27. Caillou (La communauté du) ou les «Jeudis du Caillou» ou «La Communauté de la Cité»
  • 28. Calvary Christian Center
  • 29. Capital Worship Center
  • 30. Église céleste du Christ ou Église du Christianisme céleste [Celestial Church of Christ]
  • 31. Centre Paradigme [Paradigm Center]
  • 32. Centrum «De Reiziger»
  • 33. Chevaliers du Lotus d'Or (Mandarom) (Association du Vajra triomphant) [Knights of the Golden Lotus (Mandarom) (Triumphant Vajra Association)]
  • 34. Christian Church
  • 35. Church Universal and Triumphant
  • 36. Clier A.S.B.L. [Clier asbl]
  • 37. Compagnie Chevaleresque de Saint-Michel [Knightly Association of Saint Michael]
  • 38. Contre-Reforme Catholique (ligue de) [The League for Catholic Counter-Reformation (CRC)]
  • 39. CORAEN (Centrum voor de Opsporing, Registratie en Analyse van Elfennesten)
  • Cor Unum (see Ordre du Divin Sacré Coeur)
  • 40. Coven Thot [Thot Coven]
  • 41. Cristal A.S.B.L. [Crystal asbl]
  • 42. De Ark [The Ark]
  • 43. De Geestelijke Kracht [Spiritual Power]
  • 44. De Groep (un psychologue) [The group (a psychologist)]
  • 45. Deva-Light
  • 46. Dynarsis Institute
  • 47. EBS – De Werter Loge
  • 48. ECK (Energo-Chromo-Kinese) ou Énergo 8 internationale [ECK (Energo-chromo-kinetics) or Energo 8 International]
  • 49. École de Philosophie [School of Philosophy]
  • 50. Ecoovie
  • 51. Église Catholique Apostolique Gallicane Traditionnelle [Traditional Gallican Apostolic Catholic Church]
  • 52. Kerk van Jezus Christus van de Heiligen der Laatste Dagen – Église de Jésus-Christ des Saints des Derniers Jours (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (mormonen)
  • 53. Église de la Pentecôte Bethel [Church of the Bethel Pentecost]
  • 54. Église de Scientologie [Church of Scientology
  • 55. Église du Christ de Bruxelles (dépendant de l'Eglise du Christ de Boston) [Brussels Church of Christ (subsidiary of the Boston Church of Christ ]
  • 56. Église Évangélique Libre [Free Evangelical Church]
  • 57. Église Gnostique Lucifer Christ [Lucifer Christ Gnostic Church]
  • 58. Église Internationale du Christ [International Churches of Christ]
  • 59. Église Jésus-Christ de Vérité [Jesus Christ Church of Truth]
  • 60. Église Néoapostolique [New Apostolic Church]
  • 61. Église Universelle de Dieu (Eglise Mondiale du Christ) [Universal Church of God (Worldwide Church of Christ)]
  • 62. Église Universelle du Royaume de Dieu [Universal Church of the Kingdom of God]
  • 63. Élégance Continentale [Continental Elegance]
  • 64. Elewout Centrum [Elewout Center]
  • 65. Emin Foundation (originally "Church of Eminent Way")
  • 66. Énergie Humaine et Universelle (HUE): Institut Européen de Recherche de l'Énergie Humaine et Universelle IEREHU) [Human and Universal Energy (HUE): European Research Institute for Human and Universal Energy IEREHU]
  • 67. Evangelische Christenen [Evangelical Christians]
  • 68. Éveil de la Conscience [Waking of the Conscience]
  • 69. Ex Deo Nascimur [From God we are born]
  • 70. Fédération et Union Spirites Belges [Belgian Spirits Federation and Union]
  • 71. Fellowship Friends Renaissance
  • 72. Filiation Solazaref
  • 73. Fraternité Blanche Universelle (FBU) [ Universal White Brotherhood; compare Great White Brotherhood ]
  • 74. Friends Of Edo (F of E)
  • 75. Gemeente van Christus [Parish of Christ]
  • 76. God's River Ministries
  • 77. Groep ter Verering van de Wenende Madonna van Bohan [Group for Honoring the Weeping Madonna of Bohan]
  • 78. Groupe de Recherche et de Fondation en Analyse Existentielle [Research and Training Group in Existential Analysis]
  • 79. Het Gereformeerde Evangelisatie Centrum Essen [The Essen Reformed Evangelization Center]
  • 80. Het Werk (L'Oeuvre) [The Work]
  • 81. Het Zwarte Licht [The Black Light]
  • 82. Horus
  • 83. Humana
  • 84. I Am
  • 85. Iatrosophie [Iatrosophy]
  • 86. INDIP (Institut de développement et d'intégration de la personne) (centre primal) [INDIP (Institute for the Development and Integration of the personality) (primary centre)]
  • 87. Insight Benelux (intermédiaire de Insight Educational Institute, en Californie) [Insight Benelux (associated with Insight Educational Institute, in California)]
  • 88. Institut Gnostique d'Anthropologie (IGA) [Gnostic Institute of Anthropology (IGA)]
  • 89. Institut Gurdjieff [The Gurdjieff Foundation]
  • 90. Institut Yeuntenling A.S.B.L./Tibetaans Instituut V.Z.W. (Karma Sonam Gyamtso Ling)
  • 91. Ishtar
  • 92. IVI (Invitation à la vie intense) [IVI (Invitation to Intense Life)]
  • 93. Jain Association
  • 94. Jiddu Krisna Murti
  • 95. Kapel van het Allerheiligste Sacrament [Chapel of the Most Holy Sacrament]
  • 96. Katalys A.S.B.L. [Katalys asbl]
  • 97. Kreative Energie [Creative Energy]
  • 98. Kripalu Yoga
  • 99. La Famille ou Association des communautés missionnaires chrétiennes indépendantes [ The Family or Association of Independent Christian Missionary Communities]
  • 100. La Licorne de Jade [The Jade Unicorn]
  • 101. La Lunaire [The Lunary]
  • 102. La Paideutique
  • 103. La Parole de Jésus [The Word of Jesus]
  • 104. La Ramonette
  • 105. La Voie de la Lumière [The Way of Light]
  • 106. Landmark Education
  • 107. Le Hêtre
  • 108. Le Mantra d'Hasom [The Mantra of Hasom]
  • 109. Le Patriarche [The Patriarch]
  • 110. Le Rassemblement Europeen Ouvriers du Christ [The Workers of Christ European Rally]
  • 111. Les Adorateurs du Nombril du Soleil [Worshippers of the Navel of the Sun]
  • 112. Les Alchimistes [The Alchemists]
  • 113. Les Amis de l'Homme (à l'origine «L'Ange de l'Eternel») [The Friends of Man (originally "The Angel of the Eternal")]
  • 114. Vergadering van gelovigen – Les Assemblées des Frères Darbystes (Plymouth Brethren)
  • 115. Les Croix de la Nouvelle Babylone [The Crosses of the New Babylon]
  • 116. Les Matsya A.S.B.L.
  • 117. Loge Noire [Black Lodge]
  • 118. Longo-Mai
  • 119. Maitreya (BAHA)
  • 120. Meditation Transcendentale [Transcendental Meditation]
  • 121. Messias Concern [Messiah Concern]
  • 122. Miroir Solaire [Mirror of the Sun]
  • 123. Mission d'Arès [Ares Mission]
  • 124. Mouvement du Graal [Grail Movement]
  • 125. Mouvement Humaniste (Le Mouvement) [Humanist Movement (The Movement)]
  • 126. Mouvement Raëlien Belge [Belgian Raelian Movement]
  • 127. Nació dos Muchachos [Nation of Guys]
  • 128. Noire Eau [Black Water]
  • 129. Nouvelle Acropole [New Acropolis]
  • 130. Oasis of Mellie Uyldertstichting [Oasis of Mellie Uyldert Foundation]
  • 131. Ogyen Kunzang Chöling (OKC)
  • 132. Opstal
  • 133. Opus Dei
  • 134. Ordre de la Pleine Lune [Order of the Full Moon]
  • 135. Ordre de la Rose-Croix [ Order of the Rose Cross ]
  • 136. Ordre des Chevaliers du Temple, du Christ et de Notre-Dame (OCTCND) ou Fraternité Johannite pour la résurgence templière [Order of Knights of the Temple, of Christ and of Our Lady (OCTCND) or Johannite Fraternity for Templar Renewal]
  • 137. Ordre du Divin Sacré Cœur (Cor Unum) [Order of the Divine Sacred Heart (Cor Unum)]
  • 138. Ordre du Temple Solaire [Order of the Solar Temple]
  • 139. Ordre Vert Druidique et de la Fraternité du Soleil Celtique [Druidic Green Order and Order of the Fraternity of the Celtic Sun]
  • 140. OSMTH/OSMTJ (Ordre Souverain et Militaire du Temple de Jérusalem) [OSMTH/SMOTJ: Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem]
  • 141. Paramahansa Yogananda
  • 142. Payot Marie Blanche
  • 143. Pere Samuel [Father Samuel]
  • 144. Pluk De Dag (Centrum der Duizend Zonnen) [Seize the Day (Centre of the Twelve Suns)]
  • 145. Power
  • 146. Quadratoquintillia
  • 147. Religieus Genootschap der Vrienden Quakers [Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)]
  • 148. Renouveau Charismatique [Charismatic Renewal]
  • 149. Sahaja Yoga
  • 150. Satansekte [Satan cults]
  • 151. Sathya Sai Baba
  • 152. Savoir pour Être [Know in order to Be]
  • 153. Selfrealisation Fellowship [ Self-Realization Fellowship ]
  • 154. Servanta
  • 155. Shin Boedhisme (Jodo Shinso) [Shin Buddhism Jodo Shinshu)]
  • 156. Shri Ram Chandra Mission
  • 157. Siddha Shiva Yoga [Siddha Yoga]
  • 158. Sierra 21
  • 159. Sint Egidiusgemeenschap [Community of Sant'Egidio | The Community of Saint Giles]
  • 160. Soefi Beweging [ Sufi movement ]
  • 161. Soka Gakkai
  • 162. Ster van David (Huis Maria van Bethlehem) [Star of David (Mary of Bethlehem House)]
  • 163. Stromen van Kracht [Streams of Power]
  • 164. Sûkyô Mahikari
  • 165. Summit Light House
  • 166. Sunnatarem Belgium Natural Dubdist Meditation Center
  • 167. Szatmar
  • 168. T'ai chi
  • 169. Tao Yoga
  • 170. Teblig
  • 171. Témoins de Jehovah [ Jehovah's Witnesses ]
  • 172. Terre d'Enneille
  • 173. The Elijah Muhammad Foundation
  • 174. Theosofie V.Z.W. (Geüniëerde loge van Theosofen) [ Theosophy non-profit organization (United Lodge of Theosophists)]
  • 175. Theravada
  • 176. Trans-Mutations
  • 177. Trois Saints Cœurs [The Three Holy Hearts]
  • 178. Vahali (I Am)
  • 179. Thérapeute Yvo Van Orshoven (A.S.B.L. Esse) [The therapist Yvo Van Orshoven (Esse non-profit organisation)]
  • 180. Verbond van Vlaamse Pinkstergemeenten [Union of Flemish Pentecostal Churches]
  • 181. Vibration Cœur [Vibrating Heart]
  • 182. Vrij Evangelische Kerkgemeente [Free Evangelical Church Community]
  • 183. Wat Asokaran [Wat Asokaram]
  • 184. World Federation For Spiritual Healing
  • 185. Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA)
  • 186. YSS [ Yogoda Satsanga Society of India ]
  • 187. Zen
  • 188. Zida Yoga
  • 189. Zwarte Madonna - Satanskerk [Black Madonna - Church of Satan]

Canada

Een verslag van de Canadian Security Intelligence Service uit 1999 behandelde „Doomsday Religious Movements espousing hostile beliefs and having the potential to be violent...” (Doemsdag-religieuze bewegingen met vijandige geloofspunten en met potentieel tot gewelddadigheid. Groepen die in Canada als Doomsday Relgious Movements werden behandeld, waren:

In 2005 nam de Hate Crimes Unit van de politie van Edmonton anti-Falun Gong-materiaal in beslag dat verspreid werd op de jaarlijkse conferentie van de American Family Foundation door medewerkers van het Chinees Consulaat van Calvary (Provincie Alberta, Canada). Het materiaal, waarin Falun Gong een cult werd genoemd, werd beschouwd als een inbreuk op de wetgeving (Criminal Code) waarin het opzettelijk bevorderen van haat tegen identificeerbare religieuze groepen wordt verboden.[12]

China

Het Algemeen Bureau van het Ministerie van Openbare Veiligheid van de Volksrepubliek China houdt een lijst bij van wat het Bureau beschouwt als ’schadelijke sekten’. De titel luidt: Information Regarding the Organizations Already Identified as Cults (Informatie omtrent de organisaties die reeds als sekten werden geïdentificeerd). Onder de groepen is het op het christendom gebaseerde Eastern Lightning.[13] De volgelingen van Watchman Nee (the Shouters) zouden in 1983 als eersten op de lijst zijn geplaatst.[14] Andere groepen op christelijke basis in deze lijst zijn: The Shouters 2 (Chinese Shouters), Established King, de Heer God-’sekte’ (Lord God Sect), de Lingling-’sekte’, de All Scope Church, de Zuid-China Kerk (South China Church), de Discipelen (Disciples Sect), de Drie Graden van Dienst (Three Ranks of Service), de Koud Water-’sekte’ (Cold Water Sect), the Commune Sect, de Nieuw Testament Kerk (New Testament Church), de Opstandings-’sekte’ Resurrection Sect, de Dami Evangelism Association, en de World Elijah Evangelism Association.[15] In 2001, Falun Gong was added to the list.[16]

Duitsland

Verslag van de Berlijnse senaat (1997)

In een officieel verslag van een commissie van de Senaat van de stad en deelstaat Berlijn, werden Sekten opgesomd en besproken. Door de ondertitel werden ze gecategoriseerd als groepen die een levensbeschouwing aannemen en nieuwe religies. Het verslag van de Berlijnse Senaat uit 1997, met de titel „Sekten“: Risiken und Nebenwirkungen: Informationen zu ausgewählten neuen religiösen und weltanschaulichen Bewegungen und Psychoangeboten. („Sekten”: risico’s en bijwerkingen: informatie over geselecteerde religieuze en levensbeschouwelijke bewegingen en psycho-aanbiedingen)[4] — bevatte volgende geselecteerde aanbieders:

  • 7.1: Groepen met christelijke achtergrond (Gruppen mit christlichem Hintergrund)
    • 7.1.1 Fiat Lux
    • 7.1.2 Gemeinde auf dem Weg Evangelische Freikirche e.V.
    • 7.1.3 Gemeinde Jesu Christi e.V. (Boston Church of Christ)
    • 7.1.4 Universal Life (Re-gathering of Jesus Christ) (Universelles Leben (Heimholungswerk Jesu Christi/HHW))
    • 7.1.5 Unification Church (Moon movement) (Vereinigungskirche (Mun-Bewegung))
  • 7.2 Groepen met heidense achtergrond (Gruppen mit heidnischem Hintergrund)
    • 7.2.1 Germanische Glaubengemeinschaft e.V. (GGG)
    • 7.2.2 Heidnische Gemeinschaft e.V. (HG)
  • 7.3 Groepen met hindoeïstische achtergrond (Gruppen mit hinduistischem Hintergrund)
  • 7.4 Aanbieders van levenshulp (Anbieter von Lebenshilfe)
    • commercieel: (kommerziell:)
    • 7.4.1 Bruno Gröning-Vriendenkring (Bruno Gröning-Freundeskreise)
    • 7.4.2 Context Seminar Company Limited (Kontext Seminar GmbH)
    • 7.4.3 Landmark Education (LE) (Landmark Education (LE))
    • 7.4.4 Art Reade
    • 7.4.5 Scientology
    • 7.4.6 The Natale Institute (TNI)
    • niet-commercieel: (nicht kommerziell:)
    • 7.4.7 Verein zur Förderung der psychologischen Menschenkenntnis (VPM)
  • 7.5 Occultisme/Satanisme (Okkultismus/Satanismus)
  • 7.6 Zogenaamde Multi-level Marketers (Sogenannte Strukturvertriebe)

Frankrijk

Sjabloon:Details3

In 1995 publiceerde een parlementaire commissie van de Nationale Vergadering van Frankrijk National Assembly of France een verslag over ’sekten’.[6] (niet-officiële Engelse vertaling). Het verslag bevatte een lijst van vermeende sekten, die was samengesteld door de algemene informatiedienst (Renseignements généraux) van de Franse nationale politie, in samenwerking met anti-sekten-organisaties.

In mei 2005 zei de toenmalige premier van Frankrijk, in een rondschrijven (circulaire),[17] waarin beklemtoond werd dat de regering waakzaam moet zijn tegenover het sektenfenomeen,[17] dat de lijst van bewegingen bij het verslag van 1995 minder belangrijk was geworden, wegens de observatie dat er vele kleine groepen gevormd werden: geografisch verspreide, mobiele en moeilijker identificeerbare groepen,[17] en dat de regering het evenwicht moest houden tussen de bezorgdheid wegens sekten en het respect voor de persoonlijke vrijheden en de principes van de seculiere staat (laïcité).[17] Volgende Franse parlementaire commissies brachten verslag uit over specifieke aspecten van de ’sekten’-activiteiten in 1999[18] en in 2006.[19]

Verslag van de Franse parlementaire commissie (1995)

De opinie is in Frankrijk verdeeld over het verslag van de parlementaire commissie uit 1995. Een provincierechtbank stelde dat al deze parlementaire geen juridische uitwerking hebben.[20] Het rondschrijven van de premier wees erop dat allerlei omstandigheden zoals naamsveranderingen het nut van dit specifieke parlementaire verslag had doen afnemen.[17]

Verslag van de Franse parlementaire onderzoekscommissie (1999)

The French Parliamentary report of 1999 on cults and money[22] concentrated its attention on some 30 groups which it judged as major players in respect of their financial influence.[23] It underlined the non-exhaustive character of its investigations, seeing them as a snapshot at a point in time and based on informatiion available.[24]

De onderzochte groepen omvatten:[22][23]

Oostenrijk

Beginning in 2011, the United States Department of State's International Religious Freedom Report, as released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor no longer distinguishes sects in Austria as a separate group. Rather, religious groups are divided into three legal categories: officially recognized religious societies, religious confessional communities, and associations.[25] In the most recent year for which sects were officially recognized in Austria, the groups included the Church of Scientology, the Unification Church, the Divine Light Mission, Eckankar, Hare Krishna, Osho movement, Sahaja Yoga, Sai Baba, Sri Chinmoy, Transcendental Meditation, Fiat Lux, Universal Life, and The Family.[26]

Rusland

In 2008 stelde het Russische Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken een lijst van wat zij als „extremistische groepen” beschouwden. Bovenaan de lijst stonden islamitische groepen buiten de „traditionele islam” die onder het opzicht staat van de Russische regering. Vervolgens stonden op de lijst „heidense sekten”.[27] In 2009 richtte het Russische Ministerie van Justitie een Raad op met de naam (vertaald ongeveer:) Raad van Experten die Staatkundig Religieuze Studies Expert-Analyses doorvoeren. Deze nieuwe Raad stelde een lijst op van 80 grote religieuze groeperingen die zij als potentieel gevaarlijk beschouwden voor de Russische samenleving, en vermeldde dat er duizenden kleinere van deze groeperingen bestaan. Onder de vermeldde groeperingen zijn de Kerk van Jezus Christus van de Heiligen der Laatste Dagen, Jehovah’s Getuigen, en wat zij „neo-pentecostalen” (’nieuwe’ pinkstergemeenten). [28]

Verenigde Staten

Comité voor Regeringshervorming (augustus 1999)

Suspect Organizations and Individuals Possessing Long-Range Fifty Caliber Sniper Weapons

Een rapport van het Committee on Government Reform uit augustus 1999 aan de Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers van de Verenigde Staten (House of Representatives), Sectie VI, heeft de titel Montana Doomsday Religious Cult – “Church Universal and Triumphant”.

Project Megiddo (oktober 1999)

Sjabloon:Details

Project Megiddo was een analyse door de FBI, die met een begeleidend verslag werd uitgegeven op 20 oktober 1999.[30] Het verslag waarschuwde tegen „het potentieel voor extremistische criminele activiteiten in de Verenigde Staten door individuele personen of groepen die bepaalde betekenis hechten aan het jaar 2000.[31][30] De analyse concentreerde zich op apocalyptische religieuze groepen, doomsday cults en Nieuwe Wereld Orde-samenzweringstheorieën.

Het verslag behandelde het potentiële geweld in groepen die in het verslag „biblically-driven cults” werden genoemd, „bijbels aangedreven sekten”.[32] Het verslag waarschuwde dat „minder tijd doorgebracht met Bijbelstudie en meer tijd met fysieke training, kunnen een aanwijzing zijn dat de sekte zich aan het voorbereiden is voor een bepaalde soort actie.”[30] Groepen die in het verslag behandeld werden onder hat kopje Apocalyptic Cults waren onder meer de Branch Davidians, de Concerned Christians, en Law Revue.[30] De International Asatru-Odinic Alliance beschuldigde de FBI ervan de dat zij het ’First Amendment’ overtraden van de Constitutie van de Verenigde Staten, namelijk de religieuze vrijheid, vrijheid van spreken en vrijheid om vreedzaam te vergaderen. De reden voor hun beschuldiging was dat het Project Megiddo-verslag talrijke verkeerde gegevens gaf over het odinisme.[33]

Assessing the Threat (December 1999)

On December 15, 1999 the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction presented a report called Assessing the Threat to the President of the United States and to the United States Congress. The report discusses the 1984 contamination of salad bars in Oregon by the Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh group, and the Aum Shinrikyo Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway of 1995. Both groups are referred to as cults in the report.[8]

Controversen

Frankrijk

The criteria chosen by the French Renseignements généraux to establish the potential dangers of a movement were criticized since they were considered vague and may include many organizations, religious or not. One of the first criticisms came from bishop Jean Vernette, the national secretary of the French episcopate to the study of cults and new religious movements, who stressed that these criteria can be applied to almost all religions. Moreover, sociologists such as Bruno Étienne emphasized that the mental manipulation should not be defined by the policemen of the Renseignements généraux.[34] The list of cults was based on the criteria defined by the Renseignements généraux, but without specifying which of their practices are specifically criticized. In addition, the secrecy of the work made by the RG led to questions about the presence or absence of certain organizations in the list. Étienne questioned the presence of the CEDIPAC SA company, formerly known as European Grouping of Marketing Professionals (GEPM), as its activity is not in the religious field.[34][35] In 2007, Yves Bertrand, General Director of the Renseignements généraux from 1992 to 2003, spoke about his collaborative work with the parliamentary reports on cults, and said: "Alongside genuine and dangerous cults practicing removal of school, abuse of weakness or pedophilia, some groups have been a bit quickly dress up of the word cult".[36] Furthermore, on 27 May 2005, the 1995 list of cults of the French report was officially cancelled and invalidated by Jean-Pierre Raffarin's circulaire.[37]

In France, Antoinism was classified as a cult in the 1995 parliamentary reports which considered it one of the oldest healer groups.[38] However, in a 1984 letter, the French Minister of the Interior wrote that the movement was considered, from an administrative point of view, as having for exclusive purpose the exercise of a religion, thus complying with the 18th and 19th Articles of the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. He added that antoinism had always been allowed to receive bequests or donations, which meant that its religious nature was never challenged.[39] In addition, many anti-cults activists, associations or watchers said they had not noticed cultic deviances in this group. For example, when heard by the Belgian commission on cults, philosopher Luc Nefontaine said that "the establishment of a directory of cult movements (...) seems to him dangerous, because it would also give a bad image of quite honourable organizations such as (...) Antoinism".[40] Eric Brasseur, director of Centre for information and advice on harmful cultish organizations (Centre d'information et d'avis sur les organisations sectaires nuisibles, or CIAOSN) said: "This is a Belgian worship for which we have never had a complaint in 12 years, a rare case to report".[41] Similarly, in 2013, the Interministerial Mission for Monitoring and Combatting Cultic Deviances (Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives sectaires, or MIVILUDES) made this comment: "We have never received reporting from Antoinists. They heal through prayer, but as long as they do not prevent people from getting proper treatment by legal means..." In addition, the Renseignements généraux stopped monitoring the religion given the absence of any problem.[42] In 2002, the national service "Pastoral, sects and new beliefs" ("Pastorale, sectes et nouvelles croyances"), which analyses new religious movements from a catholic point of view, wrote about Antoinism: "Although listed among the cults in the 1995 Parliamentary Report, it has no cultish feature."[43] Similarly, the French sociologist Régis Dericquebourg, who deeply studied the religion, concluded that Antoinism is not a cult: it "has no totalitarian influence on its members, and do not dictate their behaviour to get in the world; it is not exclusive [and] shows no hostility towards social systems".[44]

In France, the 1995 parliamentary report listed the Shri Ram Chandra Mission. This has been criticized by lawyer Lawrence Hincker, who said that "this system of meditation, called Sahaj Marg, does not lead to a life away from the world. It integrates all aspects of man, whether physical, mental or spiritual, without charge or austerity or penance or self-negation".[45] According to the sociologist Bruno Étienne, an expert on religious issues, the SRCM publishes books as any other group but does not proselytize, and has never been convicted: "To us, it is fully a NMR (new religious movement), modern religious group, although based on an ancient tradition, and subject to serious arguments advanced by others more knowledgeable, we do not understand why it is criticized on the list of the damned".[34] Raphaël Liogier, Director of the Observatory of religious and university professor at the Institut d'Études Politiques in Aix-en-Provence, said he did not understand the inclusion on the cult list of an association that is fully recognized in India.[46]

Zie ook

Verwijzingen

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