Lijsten van vermeende sekten

Het gebruik van de term sekte (of in het Engels ook cult) voor religieuze bewegingen in overheidsdocumenten komt over het algemeen overeen met het alledaagse en negatieve gebruik van het woord sekte. Verslagen van de overheid of door de overheid aangestelde commissies waarin de woorden sekte of cult werden gebruikt, kwamen voor in België, Duitsland, Canada, Frankrijk, Oostenrijk en de Verenigde Staten. Hoewel deze documenten gelijkaardige bewoordingen gebruiken, bevatten ze niet noodzakelijk dezelfde groepen, noch zijn er vaststaande criteria om een groep al dan niet in de lijst op te nemen. Ook andere regeringen deden onderzoek naar [nieuwe] religieuze bewegingen, maar gebruikten de termen sekte of cult.

Australië

In Australië verwees het Parlement van South Wales op 24 november 1992 naar Kenja Communication as cult.

België

Parliamentary Inquiry Commission (1997)

The Justice Commission of the Belgian House of Representatives set up a parliamentary inquiry commission to work out a policy concerning cults. On April 28, 1997, the parliamentary commission issued its 670-page report that contained a list of 189 movements, and stated that "[t]he fact that a movement is listed here, even if at the instigation of an official instance, does not signify that the Commission regards it as a cult". The parliament failed to adopt the report as such and only voted to accept the conclusions and recommendations (19 pages), and not the list. Despite the lack of adoption of the list, the commission published the whole report, including the list. According to Human Rights Without Frontiers International, a Brussels Appeals Court in 2005 condemned the Belgian House of Representatives on the grounds that it had damaged the image of an organization (the Universal Church of God's Kingdom) listed in the 1997 parliamentary inquiry commission on sects.

The Belgian list of groups (French-language naming or primary naming, with numbering as in the original document): Sjabloon:Multicol

• 1. Aba Vangh
• 2. Abrasax (Institut)
• 3. Action Évangelique de Pentecôte (AEP) [Evangelical Action of Pentecost]
• 4. Adventistes du 7e Jour [Seventh-day Adventists]
• 5. Amish
• 6. Ananda Marga
• 7. Ange Albert (Glaube und Hoffnung) [Angel Albert (Belief and Hope)]
• 8. Anthroposophie (Société Anthroposophique en Belgique) [Anthroposophy (Anthroposophical Society in Belgium)]
• 9. Antoinisme (culte antoiniste)
• 10. Aoum [Aum Shinrikyo]
• 11. Assemblée Viens et Vois [Come and See Assembly]
• 12. Assemblées de Dieu [Assemblies of God]
• 13. Association Centre Saint-Michel A.S.B.L. [Saint Michael Centre Association (asbl)]
• 14. Association (du Saint-Esprit) pour l'Unification du Christianisme mondial (Moon) [The Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (Sun Myung Moon)]
• 15. Association Égoïque [Ego Association]
• 16. Association Internationale pour la Conscience de Krishna (AICK ou ISKCON) [International Society for Krishna Consciousness or ISKCON)]
• 17. Association Maître Supreme Ching Hai [Association of the Supreme Master Ching Hai]
• 18. Atlantide ou Ambassade de la Paix [Atlantid or Embassy of Peace]
• 19. Au Cœur de la Communication (ACC) [At the Heart of Communication]
• 20. Auram
• 21. Axe Holistique [Holistic Axis]
• 22. Baha'ie (La Foi Mondiale) [Bahá'í (the World Faith)]
• 23. Ban Thai Laos
• 24. Bhagwan (ou mouvement Neo Samyas) [Bhagwan (or Neo Samyas movement)]
• 25. Brahma Kumaris
• 26. Broeder Gregorius [Brother Gregory]
• 27. Caillou (La communauté du) ou les «Jeudis du Caillou» ou «La Communauté de la Cité»
• 28. Calvary Christian Center
• 29. Capital Worship Center
• 30. Église céleste du Christ ou Église du Christianisme céleste [Celestial Church of Christ]
• 31. Centre Paradigme [Paradigm Center]
• 32. Centrum «De Reiziger» ["De Reiziger" Center]
• 33. Chevaliers du Lotus d'Or (Mandarom) (Association du Vajra triomphant) [Knights of the Golden Lotus (Mandarom) (Triumphant Vajra Association)]
• 34. Christian Church
• 35. Church Universal and Triumphant
• 36. Clier A.S.B.L. [Clier asbl]
• 37. Compagnie Chevaleresque de Saint-Michel [Knightly Association of Saint Michael]
• 38. Contre-Reforme Catholique (ligue de) [The League for Catholic Counter-Reformation (CRC)]
• 39. CORAEN (Centrum voor de Opsporing, Registratie en Analyse van Elfennesten)
• Cor Unum (see Ordre du Divin Sacré Coeur)
• 40. Coven Thot [Thot Coven]
• 41. Cristal A.S.B.L.[Crystal asbl]
• 42. De Ark [The Ark]
• 43. De Geestelijke Kracht [Spiritual Power]
• 44. De Groep (un psychologue) [The group (a psychologist)]
• 45. Deva-Light
• 46. Dynarsis Institute
• 47. EBS – De Werter Loge
• 48. ECK (Energo-Chromo-Kinese) ou Énergo 8 internationale [ECK (Energo-chromo-kinetics) or Energo 8 International]
• 49. École de Philosophie [School of Philosophy]
• 50. Ecoovie
• 51. Église Catholique Apostolique Gallicane Traditionnelle [Traditional Gallican Apostolic Catholic Church]
• 52. Église de Jésus-Christ des Saints des Derniers Jours (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or Mormons)
• 53. Église de la Pentecôte Bethel [Church of the Bethel Pentecost]
• 54. Église de Scientologie [Church of Scientology
• 55. Église du Christ de Bruxelles (dépendant de l'Eglise du Christ de Boston) [Brussels Church of Christ (subsidiary of the Boston Church of Christ ]
• 56. Église Évangélique Libre [Free Evangelical Church]
• 57. Église Gnostique Lucifer Christ [Lucifer Christ Gnostic Church]
• 58. Église Internationale du Christ [International Churches of Christ]
• 59. Église Jésus-Christ de Vérité [Jesus Christ Church of Truth]
• 60. Église Néoapostolique [New Apostolic Church]
• 61. Église Universelle de Dieu (Eglise Mondiale du Christ) [Universal Church of God (Worldwide Church of Christ)]
• 62. Église Universelle du Royaume de Dieu [Universal Church of the Kingdom of God]
• 63. Élégance Continentale [Continental Elegance]
• 64. Elewout Centrum [Elewout Center]
• 65. Emin Foundation (originally "Church of Eminent Way")
• 66. Énergie Humaine et Universelle (HUE): Institut Européen de Recherche de l'Énergie Humaine et Universelle IEREHU) [Human and Universal Energy (HUE): European Research Institute for Human and Universal Energy IEREHU]
• 67. Evangelische Christenen [Evangelical Christians]
• 68. Éveil de la Conscience [Waking of the Conscience]
• 69. Ex Deo Nascimur [From God we are born]
• 70. Fédération et Union Spirites Belges [Belgian Spirits Federation and Union]
• 71. Fellowship Friends Renaissance
• 72. Filiation Solazaref
• 73. Fraternité Blanche Universelle (FBU) [ Universal White Brotherhood; compare Great White Brotherhood ]
• 74. Friends Of Edo (F of E)
• 75. Gemeente van Christus [Parish of Christ]
• 76. God's River Ministries
• 77. Groep ter Verering van de Wenende Madonna van Bohan [Group for Honoring the Weeping Madonna of Bohan]
• 78. Groupe de Recherche et de Fondation en Analyse Existentielle [Research and Training Group in Existential Analysis]
• 79. Het Gereformeerde Evangelisatie Centrum Essen [The Essen Reformed Evangelization Center]
• 80. Het Werk (L'Oeuvre) [The Work]
• 81. Het Zwarte Licht [The Black Light]
• 82. Horus
• 83. Humana
• 84. I Am
• 85. Iatrosophie [Iatrosophy]
• 86. INDIP (Institut de développement et d'intégration de la personne) (centre primal) [INDIP (Institute for the Development and Integration of the personality) (primary centre)]
• 87. Insight Benelux (intermédiaire de Insight Educational Institute, en Californie) [Insight Benelux (associated with Insight Educational Institute, in California)]
• 88. Institut Gnostique d'Anthropologie (IGA) [Gnostic Institute of Anthropology (IGA)]
• 89. Institut Gurdjieff [The Gurdjieff Foundation]
• 90. Institut Yeuntenling A.S.B.L./Tibetaans Instituut V.Z.W. (Karma Sonam Gyamtso Ling)

• 91. Ishtar
• 92. IVI (Invitation à la vie intense) [IVI (Invitation to Intense Life)]
• 93. Jain Association
• 94. Jiddu Krisna Murti
• 95. Kapel van het Allerheiligste Sacrament [Chapel of the Most Holy Sacrament]
• 96. Katalys A.S.B.L. [Katalys asbl]
• 97. Kreative Energie [Creative Energy]
• 98. Kripalu Yoga
• 99. La Famille ou Association des communautés missionnaires chrétiennes indépendantes [ The Family or Association of Independent Christian Missionary Communities]
• 100. La Licorne de Jade [The Jade Unicorn]
• 101. La Lunaire [The Lunary]
• 102. La Paideutique
• 103. La Parole de Jésus [The Word of Jesus]
• 104. La Ramonette
• 105. La Voie de la Lumière [The Way of Light]
• 106. Landmark Education
• 107. Le Hêtre
• 108. Le Mantra d'Hasom [The Mantra of Hasom]
• 109. Le Patriarche [The Patriarch]
• 110. Le Rassemblement Europeen Ouvriers du Christ [The Workers of Christ European Rally]
• 111. Les Adorateurs du Nombril du Soleil [Worshippers of the Navel of the Sun]
• 112. Les Alchimistes [The Alchemists]
• 113. Les Amis de l'Homme (à l'origine «L'Ange de l'Eternel») [The Friends of Man (originally "The Angel of the Eternal")]
• 114. Les Assemblées des Frères Darbystes
• 115. Les Croix de la Nouvelle Babylone [The Crosses of the New Babylon]
• 116. Les Matsya A.S.B.L.
• 117. Loge Noire [Black Lodge]
• 118. Longo-Mai
• 119. Maitreya (BAHA)
• 120. Meditation Transcendentale [Transcendental Meditation]
• 121. Messias Concern [Messiah Concern]
• 122. Miroir Solaire [Mirror of the Sun]
• 123. Mission d'Arès [Ares Mission]
• 124. Mouvement du Graal [Grail Movement]
• 125. Mouvement Humaniste (Le Mouvement) [Humanist Movement (The Movement)]
• 126. Mouvement Raëlien Belge [Belgian Raelian Movement]
• 127. Nació dos Muchachos [Nation of Guys]
• 128. Noire Eau [Black Water]
• 129. Nouvelle Acropole [New Acropolis]
• 130. Oasis of Mellie Uyldertstichting [Oasis of Mellie Uyldert Foundation]
• 131. Ogyen Kunzang Chöling (OKC)
• 132. Opstal
• 133. Opus Dei
• 134. Ordre de la Pleine Lune [Order of the Full Moon]
• 135. Ordre de la Rose-Croix [ Order of the Rose Cross ]
• 136. Ordre des Chevaliers du Temple, du Christ et de Notre-Dame (OCTCND) ou Fraternité Johannite pour la résurgence templière [Order of Knights of the Temple, of Christ and of Our Lady (OCTCND) or Johannite Fraternity for Templar Renewal]
• 137. Ordre du Divin Sacré Cœur (Cor Unum) [Order of the Divine Sacred Heart (Cor Unum)]
• 138. Ordre du Temple Solaire [Order of the Solar Temple]
• 139. Ordre Vert Druidique et de la Fraternité du Soleil Celtique [Druidic Green Order and Order of the Fraternity of the Celtic Sun]
• 140. OSMTH/OSMTJ (Ordre Souverain et Militaire du Temple de Jérusalem) [OSMTH/SMOTJ: Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem]
• 141. Paramahansa Yogananda
• 142. Payot Marie Blanche
• 143. Pere Samuel [Father Samuel]
• 144. Pluk De Dag (Centrum der Duizend Zonnen) [Seize the Day (Centre of the Twelve Suns)]
• 145. Power
• 146. Quadratoquintillia
• 147. Religieus Genootschap der Vrienden Quakers [Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)]
• 148. Renouveau Charismatique [Charismatic Renewal]
• 149. Sahaja Yoga
• 150. Satansekte [Satan cults]
• 151. Sathya Sai Baba
• 152. Savoir pour Être [Know in order to Be]
• 153. Selfrealisation Fellowship [ Self-Realization Fellowship ]
• 154. Servanta
• 155. Shin Boedhisme (Jodo Shinso) [Shin Buddhism Jodo Shinshu)]
• 156. Shri Ram Chandra Mission
• 157. Siddha Shiva Yoga [Siddha Yoga]
• 158. Sierra 21
• 159. Sint Egidiusgemeenschap [Community of Sant'Egidio | The Community of Saint Giles]
• 160. Soefi Beweging [ Sufi movement ]
• 161. Soka Gakkai
• 162. Ster van David (Huis Maria van Bethlehem) [Star of David (Mary of Bethlehem House)]
• 163. Stromen van Kracht [Streams of Power]
• 164. Sûkyô Mahikari
• 165. Summit Light House
• 166. Sunnatarem Belgium Natural Dubdist Meditation Center
• 167. Szatmar
• 168. T'ai chi
• 169. Tao Yoga
• 170. Teblig
• 171. Témoins de Jehovah [ Jehovah's Witnesses ]
• 172. Terre d'Enneille
• 173. The Elijah Muhammad Foundation
• 174. Theosofie V.Z.W. (Geüniëerde loge van Theosofen) [ Theosophy non-profit organization (United Lodge of Theosophists)]
• 175. Theravada
• 176. Trans-Mutations
• 177. Trois Saints Cœurs [The Three Holy Hearts]
• 178. Vahali (I Am)
• 179. Thérapeute Yvo Van Orshoven (A.S.B.L. Esse) [The therapist Yvo Van Orshoven (Esse non-profit organisation)]
• 180. Verbond van Vlaamse Pinkstergemeenten [Union of Flemish Pentecostal Churches]
• 181. Vibration Cœur [Vibrating Heart]
• 182. Vrij Evangelische Kerkgemeente [Free Evangelical Church Community]
• 183. Wat Asokaran [Wat Asokaram]
• 184. World Federation For Spiritual Healing
• 185. Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA)
• 186. YSS [ Yogoda Satsanga Society of India ]
• 187. Zen
• 188. Zida Yoga
• 189. Zwarte Madonna - Satanskerk [Black Madonna - Church of Satan]

Canada

A Canadian Security Intelligence Service report of 1999 discussed "Doomsday Religious Movements espousing hostile beliefs and having the potential to be violent.." Groups classified as "Doomsday Religious Movements" included:

• the Branch Davidians
• the Tin Yat lineage
• Canada's Order of the Solar Temple
• Aum Shinrikyo (called the "Aum cult")

In 2005, the Hate Crimes Unit of the Edmonton Police Service confiscated anti-Falun Gong materials distributed at the annual conference of the American Family Foundation by staff members of the Calgary Chinese Consulate (Province of Alberta, Canada). The materials, including the calling of Falun Gong a "cult," were identified as having breached the Criminal Code, which bans the wilful promotion of hatred against identifiable religious groups.

China

The General Office of Ministry of Public Security of the government of China maintains a list of what it considers "evil cults," entitled "Information Regarding the Organizations Already Identified as Cults." Among the groups listed is Christian-based Eastern Lightning. The followers of Watchman Nee (the Shouters) are said to be the first group put on the list, in 1983. Other Christian-based groups on the list include: The Shouters 2 (Chinese Shouters), Established King, the Lord God Sect, the Lingling Sect, the All Scope Church, the South China Church, the Disciples Sect, the Three Ranks of Service, the Cold Water Sect, the Commune Sect, the New Testiment Church, the Resurrection Sect, the Dami Evangelism Association, and the World Elijah Evangelism Association. In 2001, Falun Gong was added to the list.

Duitsland (Germany)

Berlin Senate report (1997)

An official report of a Senate Committee of the city and state of Berlin in Germany listed and discussed cults (Sjabloon:Lang-de), emphasizing with its sub-title their categorization as "entities espousing a world view and new religions". The 1997 Berlin Senate report — entitled Cults: Risks and Side-effects: Information on selected new religious and world-view espousing Movements and Psycho-offerings — subdivided "selected suppliers" (ausgewählte Anbieter) of its objects of interest as:

• 7.1: Groups with a Christian background (Gruppen mit christlichem Hintergrund)
  • 7.1.1 Fiat Lux
  • 7.1.2 Parish on the Road Evangelical Free Church (registered association) (Gemeinde auf dem Weg Evangelische Freikirche e.V)
  • 7.1.3 Parish of Jesus Christ (registered association) Boston Church of Christ (Gemeinde Jesu Christi e.V. (Boston Church of Christ))
  • 7.1.4 Universal Life (Re-gathering of Jesus Christ) (Universelles Leben (Heimholungswerk Jesu Christi/HHW))
  • 7.1.5 Unification Church (Moon movement) (Vereinigungskirche (Mun-Bewegung))
• 7.2 Groups with a pagan background (Gruppen mit heidnischem Hintergrund)
  • 7.2.1 Teutonic Belief Association (registered association) (Germanische Glaubengemeinschaft e.V. (GGG))
  • 7.2.2 Pagan Association (registered association) (Heidnische Gemeinschaft e.V. (HG))
• 7.3 Groups with a Hinduistic background (Gruppen mit hinduistischem Hintergrund)
  • 7.3.1 International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) (International Society of Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON))
  • 7.3.2 OSHO-Movement (Osho) (OSHO-Bewegung (Bhagwan))
  • 7.3.3 Ruhani Satsang of Thakar Singh (Ruhani Satsang des Thakar Singh)
  • 7.3.4 Transcendental Meditation (TM) (Transzendentale Meditation (TM))

• 7.4 Suppliers of Life-Help (Anbieter von Lebenshilfe)
  • commercial: (kommerziell:)
  • 7.4.1 The Circle of Friends of Bruno Gröning (Bruno Gröning-Freundeskreise)
  • 7.4.2 Context Seminar Company Limited (Kontext Seminar GmbH)
  • 7.4.3 Landmark Education (LE) (Landmark Education (LE))
  • 7.4.4 Art Reade
  • 7.4.5 Scientology
  • 7.4.6 The Natale Institute (TNI)
  • non-commercial: (nicht kommerziell:)
  • 7.4.7 Union for the Enhancement of the psychological Knowledge of Mankind (Verein zur Förderung der psychologischen Menschenkenntnis (VPM))
• 7.5 Occultism/Satanism (Okkultismus/Satanismus)
• 7.6 So-called Multi-level Marketers (Sogenannte Strukturvertriebe)

Frankrijk

In 1995, a parliamentary commission of the National Assembly of France on cults produced its report (in French: compare an unofficial English translation). The report included a list of purported cults compiled by the general information division of the French National Police (Renseignements généraux — a French police service) in association with cult-watching groups.

In May 2005 the then Prime Minister of France, in a circulaire, which stressed that the government must exercise vigilance concerning the cult phenomenon, said that the list of movements attached to the Parliamentary Report of 1995 had become less pertinent, based on the observation that many small groups had formed: scattered, more mobile, and less-easily identifiable, and that the government needed to balance its concern with cults with respect for public freedoms and laïcité (secularism). Subsequent French parliamentary commissions on cults reported on specific aspects of cult activity in 1999 and in 2006.

French parliamentary commission report (1995)

Opinion in France varies as to the applicability of the 1995 Parliamentary report. A provincial court case noted that all such Parliamentary reports have no juridical impact. And as stated above, a Prime Ministerial circulaire warned that name-changes had reduced the usefulness of this particular Parliamentary report.

Sjabloon:Col-1-of-2 ALPHA Cultural Association (Association Culturelle ALPHA) 1977 AMPARA ANTHROPOS – Association for Research on the Holistic Development of Man (ANTHROPOS - Association pour la recherche sur le développement holistique de l'homme) Antoinist Worship (Culte Antoiniste) Apostolic Order – Therapeutic Healing Environment (Ordre apostolique - Therapeutic healing environment) ASPIRAL Association for Defence of Freedom of Expression in the French Institution (ADLEIF) (Association de défense des libertés d'expression dans l'institution française (ADLEIF)) Association for Promotion of the Industrial Arts (APPAI) (Association pour la promotion des arts industrieux (APPAI)) Association for the Research and Study of Survival (APRES) (Association pour la recherche et l'étude de la survivance (APRES)) Association for Unification of Christianity Worldwide (Association pour l'unification du christianisme mondial) Association of Meditation in France (Association de méditation en France) ATHANOR Azazel Institute Inc. (AZAZEL INSTITUTE INC) Be-Exist-Energetics (Etre-Exister-Energètique) Butcheries Community (Communauté Les boucheries) Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University (Université spirituelle internationale des Brahma Kumaris) CEDIPAC SA (formerly GEPM) (CEDIPAC SA (ex-GEPM) Centre for Mahatayana Meditation (Centre de méditation Mahatayana) Centre for the Blossoming and Aid of Francis de Sales (Centre d'épanouissement et aide François de Sales) Centre of Dalmatie Therapy (Centre de thérapie Dalmatie) Centre of Gnostic Studies (Centre d'Etudes Gnostiques) Centre of Human Development (Centre de développement humain) Centre of the Djivana Prana Swan – Source of Life (Centre du cygne Djivana Prana - Source de vie) Christian Life in France – Centre of Christian Life (Vie chrétienne en France - Centre de vie chrétienne) Church of Paris (L'Église à Paris) Church of Scientology of Paris (Église de Scientologie de Paris) Communion of Satonnay (Communion de Satonnay) Community for the propagation of the universal life (Communauté pour la propagation de la vie universelle) Community of the Little Brothers and Little Sisters of the Sacred Heart (Communauté des petits frères et des petites sœurs du Sacré-coeur) Contact, Information and Resource Centre for the Prevention of Cancer (Centre de documentation et d'information et de contact pour la prévention du cancer) Cosmicia Cosmos - Intuition – Wings (Cosmos - Intuition – Ailes) Cross Ones of the New Babylon (Les croisés de la nouvelle Babylone) Cultural office of Cluny – National Federation of Total Animation (Office culturel de Cluny - Fédération nationale d'animation globale) Cultural Space Being Now (ECEM) (Espace culturel Etre maintenant (ECEM)) Dakpo Shampa Kadgyu Domain of Ephesus (Domaine d'Ephèse) Eckankar France (Eckankar France) Eija El – Be Its Body (El - Etre son corps) Emissaries of the Divine Light Energy and Creation – Energy and Creativity (Energie et création - Energie et créativité) Energy world (Energy world) Evangelical Pentecostal Church of Besançon (Eglise évangélique de Pentecôte de Besançon) Faculty of Parapsychology (Faculté de parapsychologie) Family of Nazareth (Famille de Nazareth) Foundation Elan vital (Fondation Elan vital) French Federation for Krishna Consciousness (Fédération française pour la conscience de Krishna) French Raëlian Movement (Mouvement Raëlien français) Friends of Mary – Poor Ones of Mary (Les amis de Marie - Les pauvres de Marie) Friends of the Glorious Cross of Dozule (Amis de la croix glorieuse de Dozule) Friends of the St. Andréas Brotherhood (Les amis de la confrérie Saint-Andréas) Gardens of Life (Les jardins de la vie) Gilded Light (Lumière dorée) Grail Movement in France (Mouvement du Graal en France) Grand Lodge Sovereign International Magic and Theurgic, Egyptian Rite – Cagliostro (Grande loge souveraine internationale magique et theurgique de rite égyptien - Cagliostro) Haidyakhan Spiritual Association (Association spirituelle d'Haiyakhan) Hermitage of Christ of Peace (Ermitage du Christ de la paix) Holistic Harmony (Harmonie holistique) Holosophic Society of France (Société holosophique de France) House of John (La maison de Jean) Human and Universal Energy France – HUE France (Energie humaine et universelle France - HUE France) Humana France – TVIND (Humana France - TVIND) Humanist Movement (Mouvement humaniste) Iesu no mitama kyokai (Church of the Holy Spirit of Jesus) (Iesu no mitama kyokai (Eglise du Saint Esprit de Jésus)) Imagine Initiatory Circle of the Western Wicca Unicorn (Cercle initiatique de la licorne Wicca occidentale) Insight seminars – Innergy Institute of Holistic Sciences of the West (Institut des sciences holistiques de l'Ouest) Institute of Physical and Conscious Research (Institut de recherche physique et conscience) Institute of Psychoanalytic Research (Institut de recherches psychanalytiques) Institute of the Vedic Maharashi Science in Paris – C.P.M. – Club for Meditators ("Transcendental Meditation") (Institut de science vedique maharishi Paris - C.P.M. - Club pour méditants ( " Méditation transcendentale " )) International Center of Parapsychology and the Scientific Research of the New Age (Centre international de parapsychologie et de recherche scientifique du Nouvel Age) International Churches of Christ in France (Eglises du Christ international en France) International Division Communication (Partage international communication) International Federation for the Development of the Instinctive Feeding (FIDALI) (Fédération internationale pour le développement de l'alimentation instinctive (FIDALI)) International Society of the Analytical Trilogy (Société internationale de trilogie analytique -sarl-) International Way (La voie internationale) Invitation to the Intense Life (Invitation à la vie intense) Jehovah's Witnesses (Témoins de Jéhovah) Key of the Universe (Clé de l'univers) Khristic Church of the New Jerusalem Order of Raolf, Arnold and Osmond (Eglise Khristique de la Jérusalem Nouvelle ordre de Raolf, d'Arnold et d'Osmond) Knights of the Gold Lotus (Chevaliers du Lotus d'or) Knowing how to Change Now (Savoir changer maintenant) Kofuku no kagaku (Institute for Research of Happiness of Man) (Kofuku no kagaku (institut pour la recherche du bonheur de l'homme)) Landmark Education International/The Forum (Landmark education international - Le forum) Lectorium Rosicrucianum (Gold Rosicrucian Brotherhood) (Lectorium rosicrucianum (Rose-Croix d'or)) Leisure and Health - The Body Mirror (Loisirs et santé - Le corps miroir) Light of Maat (Lumière du Maat) Lucien J. Engelmajet Association (Association Lucien J. Engelmajet) MAEV Maha Shakti Mandir Mandala 33 Mary's Arch (Arche de Marie) Methodical Ontology Culture and Tradition (Ontologie méthodique culture et tradition) Mission Swmi Atmananda Atma Bodha Satsanga (Mission Swmi Atmananda Atma Bodha Satsanga) Monastic Order of Avalon (Ordre monastique d'Avallon) Natale Institute (Institut Frank Natale) Neo-Apostolic Church of France (Eglise néo-apostolique de France) New Acropolis Association of France (ANAF) (Association Nouvelle Acropole France (ANAF)) New Era (La nouvelle ère) Notre Dame Fraternity (Fraternité Notre Dame) Ogyen Kunzang Choling Order of Scientific Scribes and Initiatory Mysteries (Ordonnance des scribes scientifiques et des mystères initiatiques) Order of the Burning Grail (Ordre du Graal ardent) Order of the Knights of France and of the Holy Trinity (Ordre des chevaliers de France et de la Trinité Sainte) Order of the Lily and the Eagle (Ordre du lys et de l'aigle) Order of the Universal Temple (Ordre du temple universel) Ordo Templi Orientis OSHO Information Centre (Centre d'information OSHO) Oxygen Comets – The Mill of the Sun (Comètes oxygènes - Le moulin du soleil) Oxyon 777 (ex-Harmonia) (Oxyon 777 (ex-Harmonia)) Paris Dharma Sah – Lotus Sangha of European Social Buddhism (Paris Dharma Sah - Lotus Sangha of European social buddhism) Philosopher of Nature (Philosophe de la nature) Philosophic Church of Lucifer (Eglise philosophique Luciférienne) Prelude to the Golden Age Club (Club prélude à l'Age d'or) Psychanimie Institute (Institut de psychanimie) Queen of Peace – Order of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and of Saint Louis de Montfort (Reine de la paix - Ordre du coeur immaculé de Marie et de Saint Louis de Montfort) Raphaël Centre of Psychic Applications (Centre d'applications psychiques "Raphaël") Red Concept Limited (Red concept limited) Reiyukai Renovated Order of the Temple (ORT) (Ordre rénové du Temple (ORT)) Revelation of the 7th Hour (Révélation de la 7ème heure) Right of Survival Association (Association Le Droit de survie) Rosicrucians Saint Bani (Saint Bani) Saman Sanctuary School for Preparation for Extraterrestrial Evacuation (Ecole de la préparation de l'évacuation extra terrestre) School of Essentialism Association (Association de soutien à l'oeuvre de Sundari - L'Ecole de l'essentialisme) Science of Mind (La science du mental) Seimeikyo Europe (Seimeikyo Europe) Shinji Shumeikai France (Shinji Shumeikai France) Shri Ram Chandra Mission France (Shri Ram Chandra Mission France) Siderella Silva Method Mind Control (Méthode Sylva de contrôle mental) Sister Rasta Movement (Sister mouvement rasta) Soka Gakkai International France (Soka Gakkai internationale France) Spiritual Emergence Network France – Holotropic Breathing (Spiritual Emergence Network France - Respiration holotropique) Sri Chinmoy Association of Paris (Association Sri Chinmoy de Paris) St. Germain Foundation (Fondation Saint-germain) St. Preux Institute (Institut de Saint-Preux) Star's Edge International – Avatar Method (Star's edge international - Méthode Avatar) Study, Tradition and Research in Energetics (E.T.R.E.) (Etude tradition et recherche en énergétique (E.T.R.E.)) Subud Association of France – Susila Dharma France (Association Subud de France - Susila Dharma France) Suicide of the River Banks (Le suicide des rives) Sukyo Mahikari – Light of Truth (Sukyo Mahikari - Lumière de vérité) Supermen Club (Le club des surhommes) Supreme Paravidya Wisdom (Paravidya sagesse suprême) Teaching and Therapy of Evolutionary Search (Enseignement et thérapie de recherches évolutives) The Eye Opens (L'oeil s'ouvre) The Family (formerly "Children of God") (La Famille (ex-Enfants de Dieu)) The Grand Lodge (Le grand logis) The Paraclete Centre (Centre du Paraclet) Thébaide Community (Communauté de la Thébaide) Theological Institute of Nîmes (Institut théologique de Nîmes) Timothy Mission (Mission Timothée) Tradition Family Property (Tradition Famille Propriété) Trans-Mutations (Trans-mutations) Tree in the Environment (L'arbre au milieu) Union of Sri Sathya Sai Associations, Centres and Groups (Union des associations centres et groupes Sri Sathya Sai) Universal Alliance (Alliance universelle) Universal Church of God (Eglise universelle de Dieu) Universal Church of God's Kingdom (Eglise universelle du royaume de Dieu) Universal White Brotherhood (Fraternité blanche universelle) Venture Village of Aquarius (Le village du verseau) Vishwa Nirmala Dharma – Sahaja Yoga (Viswa Nirmala Dharma - Sahaja Yoga) Vital Harmony SA (Vital Harmony SA) Viveka Vo Vi Association of France – Friends of the Science of Non-being of France (Association Vo Vi de France - Amis de la Science du non être de France) Way of Light (Unity of Research Projects for the Evolution of Light) (La voie de la lumière (unité de recherches pour l'évolution de la lumière)) Word of Faith – World Evangelisation (La parole de foi - Evangélisation mondiale)

French parliamentary commission report (1999)

The French Parliamentary report of 1999 on cults and money concentrated its attention on some 30 groups which it judged as major players in respect of their financial influence. It underlined the non-exhaustive character of its investigations, seeing them as a snapshot at a point in time and based on informatiion available.

The groups examined included:

• Anthroposophie (Anthroposophy)
• Au Cœur de la Communication (At the Heart of Communication)
• Contre-réforme catholique (League for Catholic Counter-Reformation)
• Dianova (Ex-Le Patriarche) (Dianova (formerly: the Patriarch))
• Église du Christ (Boston Church of Christ)
• Église Néo-apostolique (New Apostolic Church)
• Énergo-Chromo-Kinèse (ECK)
• Fédération d'agrément des réseaux (ex-Groupement européen des professionnels du marketing) (Federation of the networks of agreement (formerly: European Grouping of Marketing Professionals (GEPM))
• Fraternité blanche universelle (Universal White Brotherhood)
• Invitation à la Vie (Invitation to Life)
• Innergy (Insight Seminars)
• Krishna (Hare Krishna movement)
• Landmark (Landmark Education)
• Mahikari (Sûkyô Mahikari)
• Mandarom
• Méthode Avatar (Avatar Method)
• Moon (Unification Church)
• Mouvement du Graal (Grail Movement)
• Mouvement Raëlien (Raelian Movement)
• Nouvelle Acropole (New Acropolis)
• Office culturel de Cluny (Cultural office of Cluny – National Federation of Total Animation)
• Ogyen Kunzang Chöling
• Orkos (Anopsology)
• Pentecôte de Besançon (Evangelical Pentecostal Church of Besançon)
• Prima Verba
• Rose-Croix - AMORC (Rosicrucian Order)
• Rose-Croix d'Or (Gold Rosicrucian Brotherhood)
• Scientologie (Scientology)
• Soka Gakkaï (Sōka Gakkai)
• La méthode Silva (The Silva Method)
• Témoins de Jéhovah (Jehovah's Witnesses)
• Tradition Famille Propriété (Tradition Family Property)

Oostenrijk

Beginning in 2011, the United States Department of State's International Religious Freedom Report, as released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor no longer distinguishes sects in Austria as a separate group. Rather, religious groups are divided into three legal categories: officially recognized religious societies, religious confessional communities, and associations. In the most recent year for which sects were officially recognized in Austria, the groups included the Church of Scientology, the Unification Church, the Divine Light Mission, Eckankar, Hare Krishna, Osho movement, Sahaja Yoga, Sai Baba, Sri Chinmoy, Transcendental Meditation, Fiat Lux, Universal Life, and The Family.

Rusland

In 2008 the Russian Interior Ministry prepared a list of "extremist groups." At the top of the list were Islamic groups outside of "traditional Islam," which is supervised by the Russian government. Next listed were "Pagan cults". In 2009 the Russian Ministry of Justice created a council which it named "Council of Experts Conducting State Religious Studies Expert Analysis." The new council listed 80 large sects which it considered potentially dangerous to Russian society, and mentioned that there were thousands of smaller ones. Large sects listed included: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jehovah's Witnesses, and what were called "neo-Pentecostals."

Verenigde Staten

Committee on Government Reform (August 1999)

Suspect Organizations and Individuals Possessing Long-Range Fifty Caliber Sniper Weapons

A report to the United States House of Representatives, Section VI is entitled "Montana Doomsday Religious Cult - "Church Universal and Triumphant".

• Church Universal and Triumphant

Project Megiddo (October 1999)

Project Megiddo consisted of an FBI analysis, with a report released on October 20, 1999. The report warned against: "the potential for extremist criminal activity in the United States by individuals or domestic groups who attach special significance to the year 2000." Its analysis focused on apocalyptic religious groups, doomsday cults and (New World Order) conspiracy theories.

The report discussed the potential for violence in groups that it called "biblically-driven cults" The report warned that "less time spent on Bible study and more time spent on physical training - indicate that the cult may be preparing for some type of action." Groups singled out and analyzed in the report under the heading "Apocalyptic Cults" included the Branch Davidians, the Concerned Christians, and Law Revue. The International Asatru-Odinic Alliance accused the FBI of violating its First Amendment rights to freedom of religion, free speech, and peaceful assembly. The reason given for this accusation was the propagation of "numerous false statements and innuendos" about Odinism in the Project Megiddo report.

Assessing the Threat (December 1999)

On December 15, 1999 the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction presented a report called Assessing the Threat to the President of the United States and to the United States Congress. The report discusses the 1984 contamination of salad bars in Oregon by the Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh group, and the Aum Shinrikyo Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway of 1995. Both groups are referred to as cults in the report.

Controversen

Frankrijk

The criteria chosen by the French Renseignements généraux to establish the potential dangers of a movement were criticized since they were considered vague and may include many organizations, religious or not. One of the first criticisms came from bishop Jean Vernette, the national secretary of the French episcopate to the study of cults and new religious movements, who stressed that these criteria can be applied to almost all religions. Moreover, sociologists such as Bruno Étienne emphasized that the mental manipulation should not be defined by the policemen of the Renseignements généraux. The list of cults was based on the criteria defined by the Renseignements généraux, but without specifying which of their practices are specifically criticized. In addition, the secrecy of the work made by the RG led to questions about the presence or absence of certain organizations in the list. Étienne questioned the presence of the CEDIPAC SA company, formerly known as European Grouping of Marketing Professionals (GEPM), as its activity is not in the religious field. The absence of Opus Dei or the Freemasons also raised questions. In 2007, Yves Bertrand, General Director of the Renseignements généraux from 1992 to 2003, spoke about his collaborative work with the parliamentary reports on cults, and said: "Alongside genuine and dangerous cults practicing removal of school, abuse of weakness or pedophilia, some groups have been a bit quickly dress up of the word cult". Furthermore, on 27 May 2005, the 1995 list of cults of the French report was officially cancelled and invalidated by Jean-Pierre Raffarin's circulaire.

In France, Antoinism was classified as a cult in the 1995 parliamentary reports which considered it one of the oldest healer groups. However, in a 1984 letter, the French Minister of the Interior wrote that the movement was considered, from an administrative point of view, as having for exclusive purpose the exercise of a religion, thus complying with the 18th and 19th Articles of the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. He added that antoinism had always been allowed to receive bequests or donations, which meant that its religious nature was never challenged. In addition, many anti-cults activists, associations or watchers said they had not noticed cultic deviances in this group. For example, when heard by the Belgian commission on cults, philosopher Luc Nefontaine said that "the establishment of a directory of cult movements (...) seems to him dangerous, because it would also give a bad image of quite honourable organizations such as (...) Antoinism". Eric Brasseur, director of Centre for information and advice on harmful cultish organizations (Centre d'information et d'avis sur les organisations sectaires nuisibles, or CIAOSN) said: "This is a Belgian worship for which we have never had a complaint in 12 years, a rare case to report". Similarly, in 2013, the Interministerial Mission for Monitoring and Combatting Cultic Deviances (Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives sectaires, or MIVILUDES) made this comment: "We have never received reporting from Antoinists. They heal through prayer, but as long as they do not prevent people from getting proper treatment by legal means..." In addition, the Renseignements généraux stopped monitoring the religion given the absence of any problem. In 2002, the national service "Pastoral, sects and new beliefs" ("Pastorale, sectes et nouvelles croyances"), which analyses new religious movements from a catholic point of view, wrote about Antoinism: "Although listed among the cults in the 1995 Parliamentary Report, it has no cultish feature." Similarly, the French sociologist Régis Dericquebourg, who deeply studied the religion, concluded that Antoinism is not a cult: it "has no totalitarian influence on its members, and do not dictate their behaviour to get in the world; it is not exclusive [and] shows no hostility towards social systems".

In France, the 1995 parliamentary report listed the Shri Ram Chandra Mission. This has been criticized by lawyer Lawrence Hincker, who said that "this system of meditation, called Sahaj Marg, does not lead to a life away from the world. It integrates all aspects of man, whether physical, mental or spiritual, without charge or austerity or penance or self-negation". According to the sociologist Bruno Étienne, an expert on religious issues, the SRCM publishes books as any other group but does not proselytize, and has never been convicted: "To us, it is fully a NMR (new religious movement), modern religious group, although based on an ancient tradition, and subject to serious arguments advanced by others more knowledgeable, we do not understand why it is criticized on the list of the damned". Raphaël Liogier, Director of the Observatory of religious and university professor at the Institut d'Études Politiques in Aix-en-Provence, said he did not understand the inclusion on the cult list of an association that is fully recognized in India.

Zie ook

• European Federation of Centres of Research and Information on Sectarianism (FECRIS)

Verwijzingen

Further reading

• Bromley, David G., J. Gordon Melton, Cults, Religion, and Violence. Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 113–116: "Government-Religious Movement Confrontations"
• Whittier, Charles H., The Cultic Phenomena: New and Emerging Religious Movements in America, "Addendum II: Religious Cults in U.S. and Abroad.", Page CRS-45., Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Report No. 79-24 GOV., January 24, 1979.