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Macedonische kalender: verschil tussen versies

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Regel 1: Regel 1:
The '''Ancient Macedonian calendar''' is a [[lunisolar calendar]] that was in use in ancient [[Macedon]] in the [[1st millennium BC]]. It consisted of 12 [[synodic]] [[lunar month]]s (i.e. 354 days per year), which needed [[intercalary]] [[months]] to stay in step with the seasons. By the time the calendar was being used across the Hellenistic world, seven total ''embolimoi'' (intercalary months) were being added in each 19-year [[Metonic cycle]]. The names of the ancient Macedonian Calendar remained in use in Syria even into the Christian era. The Macedonian calendar was in essence the [[Babylonian calendar]] with the substitution of Macedonian names for the Babylonian ones.<ref name="IntroGreekEpigraphy">{{cite book|title=An introduction to Greek epigraphy of the Hellenistic and Roman periods from Alexander the Great down to the reign of Constantine (323 B.C.-A.D. 337)|author=Bradley Hudson McLean|year=2002|page=166|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=x2AD3M77TgMC&pg=PA166&lpg=PA166&dq=Macedonian+epigraphy&source=bl&ots=MOvxl5luuB&sig=StnUhRUO0D5aowvC3muiUfjbyOw&hl=en&ei=lPoxSu_9O4LAsAbK8NXNCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8 | isbn=9780472112388 | publisher=University of Michigan Press}}</ref> An example of 6th century AD inscriptions from [[Decapolis]], Jordan, bearing the Solar Macedonian calendar, starts from the month Audynaeus.<ref>Syria, S./Arabia-[[Decapolis]] — [[Gerasa]] (Jerash) — 6th AD  Epigraphical Database [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=305222&bookid=751&region=10&subregion=68] 531 AD [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=305234&bookid=751&region=10&subregion=68]</ref> The solar type was merged later with the [[Julian calendar]]. In [[Roman Macedonia]], both calendars were used. The Roman one is attested in inscriptions with the name ''Kalandôn'' [[genitive|gen]]. {{Polytonic|καλανδῶν}} [[calendae]] and the Macedonian ''Hellenikei'' [[dative case|dat]]. {{Polytonic| Ἑλληνικῇ}} [[Hellenic calendar|Hellenic]].<ref>[[Thessalonica]] — 141 AD -252 AD, last lines [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=137319&bookid=14&region=4&subregion=11] [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=312744&bookid=172&region=4&subregion=11]</ref> Finally an inscription<ref>[http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=153663&bookid=172&region=4&subregion=11 Makedonia (Chalkidike) — Poteidaia-Kassandreia — ca. 306-298 BC]</ref> from [[Kassandreia]] of about ca. 306-298 BC bearing a month {{polytonic|Ἀθηναιῶν}} ''Athenaion'' suggests that some cities may have had their own months even after the 4th century BC Macedonian expansion.
De oude '''Macedonische kalender''' was een [[lunisolaire kalendar]] die gebruikt werd in [[Macedonië]] in het [[1e millennium v. Chr.]]. Het jaar bestond uit 12 [[synodische maand|synodische]] [[maanmaanden]] (354 dagen in een jaar), waar soms [[schrikkelmaand]]en werden tussengevoegd om de pas met de seizoenen te blijven. In de periode dat deze kalender doorheen de hele Hellenistische wereld gebruikt, werden er zeven ''embolimoi'' (schrikkelmaanden) toegevoegd in 19 jaar, volgens de [[cyclus van Meton]]. De namen van de oude Macedonische kalender bleef in Syrië zelfs in het christelijke tijdperk in gebruik. In wezen was de Macedonische kalender een voortzetting van de [[Babylonische kalender]], waarin de Babylonische namen van de maanden werden vervangen door Macedonische namen.<ref name="IntroGreekEpigraphy">{{Aut|Bradley Hudson McLean}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=x2AD3M77TgMC&pg=PA166&lpg=PA166&dq=Macedonian+epigraphy&source=bl&ots=MOvxl5luuB&sig=StnUhRUO0D5aowvC3muiUfjbyOw&hl=en&ei=lPoxSu_9O4LAsAbK8NXNCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8 ''An introduction to Greek epigraphy of the Hellenistic and Roman periods from Alexander the Great down to the reign of Constantine (323 B.C.-A.D. 337)''], University of Michigan Press, 2002, p. 166, ISBN 9780472112388</ref> An example of 6th century AD inscriptions from [[Decapolis]], Jordan, bearing the Solar Macedonian calendar, starts from the month Audynaeus.<ref>Syria, S./Arabia-[[Decapolis]] — [[Gerasa]] (Jerash) — 6th AD  Epigraphical Database [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=305222&bookid=751&region=10&subregion=68] 531 AD [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=305234&bookid=751&region=10&subregion=68]</ref> The solar type was merged later with the [[Julian calendar]]. In [[Roman Macedonia]], both calendars were used. The Roman one is attested in inscriptions with the name ''Kalandôn'' [[genitive|gen]]. {{Polytonic|καλανδῶν}} [[calendae]] and the Macedonian ''Hellenikei'' [[dative case|dat]]. {{Polytonic| Ἑλληνικῇ}} [[Hellenic calendar|Hellenic]].<ref>[[Thessalonica]] — 141 AD -252 AD, last lines [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=137319&bookid=14&region=4&subregion=11] [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=312744&bookid=172&region=4&subregion=11]</ref> Finally an inscription<ref>[http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=153663&bookid=172&region=4&subregion=11 Makedonia (Chalkidike) — Poteidaia-Kassandreia — ca. 306-298 BC]</ref> from [[Kassandreia]] of about ca. 306-298 BC bearing a month {{polytonic|Ἀθηναιῶν}} ''Athenaion'' suggests that some cities may have had their own months even after the 4th century BC Macedonian expansion.


*[[Zeus|Δίος]] (''Dios'', moon of October)
*[[Zeus|Δίος]] (''Dios'', moon of October)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2311830 Απελλαίος] (''[[Apella]]ios'', moon of November, also a [[Dorians|Dorian]] month - ''Apellaiōn'' was a [[Tinos|Tenian]] month)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2311830 Απελλαίος] (''[[Apella]]ios'', november/december, was ook een [[Dorisch]]e maand - ''Apellaiōn'' was een maandnaam uit [[Tinos]])
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2317341 Αυδυναίος ''or'' Αυδναίος] (''Audunaios'' or ''Audnaios'', moon of December, [[Cretan]] month also)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2317341 Αυδυναίος ''of'' Αυδναίος] (''Audunaios'' of ''Audnaios'', december/januari, was ook een [[Kreta|Kretenzische]] maand.)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2382372 Περίτιος] (''Peritios'', moon of January) (and festival of the month; Peritia)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2382372 Περίτιος] (''Peritios'', januari/februari) (feest van deze maand: Peritia)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2329555 Δύστρος] (''Dystros'', moon of February)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2329555 Δύστρος] (''Dystros'', februari/maart)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2371432 Ξανδικός ''or'' Ξανθικός] (''Xandikos'' or ''Xanthikos'', moon of March) (and festival of the month; [[Xanthika]] , purifying the army, [[Hesychius of Alexandria|Hesych]].)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2371432 Ξανδικός ''or'' Ξανθικός] (''Xandikos'' of ''Xanthikos'', maart/april) (feest van deze maand: [[Xanthika]] , reiniging van het leger, [[Hesychius of Alexandria|Hesych]].)
**Ξανδικός Εμβόλιμος (''Xandikos Embolimos'', intercalated 6 times over a [[Metonic cycle|19-year cycle]])
**Ξανδικός Εμβόλιμος (''Xandikos Embolimos'', werd per 19-jarige [[cyclus van Meton]] zes keer als schrikkelmaand ingevoegd.)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315602 Αρτεμίσιος ''or'' Αρταμίτιος] (''Artemisios'' or ''Artamitios'', moon of April, also a [[Sparta]]n, [[Rhodes|Rhodian]] and [[Epidaurus|Epidaurian]] month - ''Artemisiōn'' was an [[Ionia|Ionic]] month)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2315602 Αρτεμίσιος ''of'' Αρταμίτιος] (''Artemisios'' of ''Artamitios'', april/mei, ook een maandnaam in [[Sparta]], [[Rhodos]] en [[Epidaurus|Epidaurian]] — In [[Ionië]] bestond de maand met de gelijkaardige naam ''Artemisiōn''.
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323255 Δαίσιος] (''Daisios'', moon of May)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323255 Δαίσιος] (''Daisios'', mei/juni)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377238 Πάνημος ''or'' Πάναμος] (''Panēmos'' or ''Panamos'', moon of June, also an [[Epidaurus|Epidaurian]], [[Miletus|Miletian]], [[Samos Island|Samian]] and [[Corinth]]ian month)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377238 Πάνημος ''or'' Πάναμος] (''Panēmos'' of ''Panamos'', juni/juli, ook een maandnaam in [[Epidaurus]], [[Miletus]], [[Samos]] en [[Korinthe]].)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?layout.reflang=greek;layout.refembed=2;layout.refwordcount=1;layout.refdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;layout.reflookup=lwi%2Fwn;layout.refcit=entry%3Da%29ga%5Eqo%2Fs;doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2364336  Λώιος] (''Lōios'', moon of July - Ομολώιος, ''Homolōios'', was an [[Aetolia]]n, [[Beotia]]n and [[Thessaly|Thessalian]] month)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?layout.reflang=greek;layout.refembed=2;layout.refwordcount=1;layout.refdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;layout.reflookup=lwi%2Fwn;layout.refcit=entry%3Da%29ga%5Eqo%2Fs;doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2364336  Λώιος] (''Lōios'', juli/augustus — Ομολώιος, ''Homolōios'', was een maandnaam in [[Etolië]], [[Beotië]] en [[Thessalië]].)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322702 Γορπιαίος] (''Gorpiaios'', moon of August)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322702 Γορπιαίος] (''Gorpiaios'', august/september)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23107328 Υπερβερεταίος] (''Hyperberetaios'', moon of September - ''Hyperberetos'' was a [[Cretan]] month)
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23107328 Υπερβερεταίος] (''Hyperberetaios'', september/oktober — ''Hyperberetos'' was een [[Kreta|Kretenzische]] maand.)
**Υπερβερεταίος Εμβόλιμος (''Hyperberetaios Embolimos'', intercalated once over a [[Metonic cycle|19-year cycle]])
**Υπερβερεταίος Εμβόλιμος (''Hyperberetaios Embolimos'', werd eenmaal ingevoegd in een 19-jarige [[cyclus van Meton]].)


==Year numbering==
==Jaartelling==
Under the [[Seleucid Empire]], the Macedonians adopted the [[Seleucid era]]. The year beginning on the 1st of Dios during what we call October 312 BCE was declared to be the year one of the Seleucid era.
Onder het [[Seleucidische rijk]] telden de Macedoniërs de jaren volgens het [[Seleucidische tijdperk]]. Het eerste jaar van het Seleucidische tijdperk begon op 1 Dios van wat volgens de Gregoriaanse tijdrekening oktober 312 v. Chr. is.


==See also==
==Zie ook==
*[[Hellenic calendar]]
*[[Helleense kalender]]
*[[Attic calendar]]
*[[Attische kalender]]


==References==
{{Appendix|Verwijzingen
{{Reflist}}
}}


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[[ca:Calendari macedoni]]
[[de:Makedonischer Kalender]]
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[[la:Calendarium Macedonicum]]
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[[pl:Kalendarz macedoński]]
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[[sv:Antika makedoniska kalendern]]

Versie van 16 nov 2011 19:53

De oude Macedonische kalender was een lunisolaire kalendar die gebruikt werd in Macedonië in het 1e millennium v. Chr.. Het jaar bestond uit 12 synodische maanmaanden (354 dagen in een jaar), waar soms schrikkelmaanden werden tussengevoegd om de pas met de seizoenen te blijven. In de periode dat deze kalender doorheen de hele Hellenistische wereld gebruikt, werden er zeven embolimoi (schrikkelmaanden) toegevoegd in 19 jaar, volgens de cyclus van Meton. De namen van de oude Macedonische kalender bleef in Syrië zelfs in het christelijke tijdperk in gebruik. In wezen was de Macedonische kalender een voortzetting van de Babylonische kalender, waarin de Babylonische namen van de maanden werden vervangen door Macedonische namen.[1] An example of 6th century AD inscriptions from Decapolis, Jordan, bearing the Solar Macedonian calendar, starts from the month Audynaeus.[2] The solar type was merged later with the Julian calendar. In Roman Macedonia, both calendars were used. The Roman one is attested in inscriptions with the name Kalandôn gen. καλανδῶν calendae and the Macedonian Hellenikei dat. Ἑλληνικῇ Hellenic.[3] Finally an inscription[4] from Kassandreia of about ca. 306-298 BC bearing a month Ἀθηναιῶν Athenaion suggests that some cities may have had their own months even after the 4th century BC Macedonian expansion.

Jaartelling

Onder het Seleucidische rijk telden de Macedoniërs de jaren volgens het Seleucidische tijdperk. Het eerste jaar van het Seleucidische tijdperk begon op 1 Dios van wat volgens de Gregoriaanse tijdrekening oktober 312 v. Chr. is.

Zie ook

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

Verwijzingen

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Overgenomen van "https://nl.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Macedonische_kalender&oldid=81865"