Wikisage, de vrije encyclopedie van de tweede generatie, is digitaal erfgoed

Wikisage is op 1 na de grootste internet-encyclopedie in het Nederlands. Iedereen kan de hier verzamelde kennis gratis gebruiken, zonder storende advertenties. De Koninklijke Bibliotheek van Nederland heeft Wikisage in 2018 aangemerkt als digitaal erfgoed.

  • Wilt u meehelpen om Wikisage te laten groeien? Maak dan een account aan. U bent van harte welkom. Zie: Portaal:Gebruikers.
  • Bent u blij met Wikisage, of wilt u juist meer? Dan stellen we een bescheiden donatie om de kosten te bestrijden zeer op prijs. Zie: Portaal:Donaties.
rel=nofollow

Lijsten van vermeende sekten: verschil tussen versies

Uit Wikisage
Naar navigatie springen Naar zoeken springen
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governmental_lists_of_cults_and_sects&oldid=601799270)
(vertaling inleiding // landen alfabetisch sorteren op Nederlandse naam)
Regel 2: Regel 2:
Groups appear listed alphabetically by country, with the date of their appearance in the respective government report noted in the section header.
Groups appear listed alphabetically by country, with the date of their appearance in the respective government report noted in the section header.
-->
-->
The application of the labels (cults or sects) to [[new religious movement|religious movements]] in government documents usually signifies the popular and negative use of the term "cult" in [[English (language)|English]] and a functionally similar use of words translated as "sect" in several European languages.<ref name = "Richardson01">{{cite journal | author = [[James T. Richardson|Richardson, James T.]] and [[Massimo Introvigne|Introvigne, Massimo]] | year = 2001 | title = 'Brainwashing' Theories in European Parliamentary and Administrative Reports on 'Cults' and 'Sects' | journal = Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–168 | doi=10.1111/0021-8294.00046}}</ref><ref name="Robbins02">{{cite journal | author = [[Thomas Robbins (sociologist)|Robbins, Thomas]] | year = 2002 | title = Combating 'Cults' and 'Brainwashing' in the United States and Europe: A Comment on Richardson and Introvigne's Report | journal = Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 169–76 | doi=10.1111/0021-8294.00047}}</ref> Government reports which have used these words include those from Austria,<ref name="unhcr">[[s:International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Austria|International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Austria]], released by the [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]], [[United States Department of State]].<br>"The vast majority of groups termed "sects" by the Government were small organizations with fewer than 100 members. Among the larger groups was the Church of Scientology, with between 5,000 and 6,000 members, and the Unification Church, with approximately 700 adherents throughout the country. Other groups found in the country included Divine Light Mission, Eckankar, Hare Krishna, the Holosophic community, the [[Osho movement]], Sahaja Yoga, Sai Baba, Sri Chinmoy, Transcendental Meditation, Landmark Education, the Center for Experimental Society Formation, Fiat Lux, Universal Life, and The Family."</ref> Belgium,<ref name="belgium1997" /> Canada,<ref name="canadianintelligence" /> France<ref name="france1995" /> (in 1995), Germany,<ref name="germany1997" /> and the United States.<ref name="assessing" />  While these documents utilize similar terminology they do not necessarily include the same groups nor is their assessment of these groups based on agreed criteria.<ref name="Richardson01" /><ref name="Robbins02" /> Other governments and world bodies also report on new religious movements but do not use these terms to describe them.<ref name = "Richardson01" />
Het gebruik van de term ''sekte'' (of in het Engels ook ''cult'') voor [[nieuwe religieuze beweging|religieuze bewegingen]] in overheidsdocumenten komt over het algemeen overeen met het alledaagse en negatieve gebruik van het woord ''sekte''.<ref name = "Richardson01">{{cite journal | author = [[James T. Richardson|Richardson, James T.]] and [[Massimo Introvigne|Introvigne, Massimo]] | year = 2001 | title = ‘Brainwashing’ Theories in European Parliamentary and Administrative Reports on ‘Cults’ and ‘Sects’ | journal = Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–168 | doi=10.1111/0021-8294.00046}}</ref><ref name="Robbins02">{{cite journal | author = [[Thomas Robbins (sociologist)|Robbins, Thomas]] | year = 2002 | title = Combating ‘Cults’ and ‘Brainwashing’ in the United States and Europe: A Comment on Richardson and Introvigne’s Report | journal = Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 169–76 | doi=10.1111/0021-8294.00047}}</ref> Verslagen van de overheid of door de overheid aangestelde commissies waarin de woorden ''sekte'' of ''cult'' werden gebruikt, kwamen voor in België,<ref name="belgium1997" /> Duitsland,<ref name="germany1997" /> Canada,<ref name="canadianintelligence" /> Frankrijk,<ref name="france1995" /> Oostenrijk<ref name="unhcr">[[s:International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Austria|International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Austria]], uitgegeven door het Bureau van Democratie, Mensenrechten en Werk (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor), United States Department of State.<br/>„The vast majority of groups termed ‘sects’ by the Government were small organizations with fewer than 100 members. Among the larger groups was the Church of Scientology, with between 5,000 and 6,000 members, and the Unification Church, with approximately 700 adherents throughout the country. Other groups found in the country included Divine Light Mission, Eckankar, Hare Krishna, the Holosophic community, the [[Osho movement]], Sahaja Yoga, Sai Baba, Sri Chinmoy, Transcendental Meditation, Landmark Education, the Center for Experimental Society Formation, Fiat Lux, Universal Life, and The Family.”</ref> en de [[Verenigde Staten van Amerika|Verenigde Staten]].<ref name="assessing" />  Hoewel deze documenten gelijkaardige bewoordingen gebruiken, bevatten ze niet noodzakelijk dezelfde groepen, noch zijn er vaststaande criteria om een groep al dan niet in de lijst op te nemen.<ref name="Richardson01" /><ref name="Robbins02" /> Ook andere regeringen deden onderzoek naar [nieuwe] religieuze bewegingen, maar gebruikten de termen ''sekte'' of ''cult''.<ref name = "Richardson01" />


== Australia ==
== Australië ==
Within Australia, the [[Parliament of New South Wales]] referred to [[Kenja Communication]] as a cult on November 24, 1992.<ref>{{cite news  | last =Hon. S. B. MUTCH  | title =Kenja Cult  | work =[[Parliament of New South Wales]], transcript  | publisher =www.parliament.nsw.gov.au  | date =November 24, 1992  | url =http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansArt.nsf/V3Key/LC19921124035  | accessdate =2008-08-10  }}</ref>
In Australië verwees het Parlement van South Wales op 24 november 1992 naar [[Kenja Communication]] as ''cult''.<ref>{{cite news  | last =Hon. S. B. MUTCH  | title =Kenja Cult  | work =[[Parliament of New South Wales]], transcript  | publisher =www.parliament.nsw.gov.au  | date =November 24, 1992  | url =http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansArt.nsf/V3Key/LC19921124035  | accessdate =2008-08-10  }}</ref>


==Austria==
== België ==
Beginning in 2011, the [[United States Department of State]]'s ''International Religious Freedom Report'', as released by the [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] no longer distinguishes sects in Austria as a separate group. Rather, religious groups are divided into three legal categories: officially recognized religious societies, religious confessional communities, and associations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=208288 |title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2012 |publisher=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] |accessdate=2013-09-03}}</ref> In the most recent year for which sects were officially recognized in Austria, the groups included the [[Church of Scientology]], the [[Unification Church]], the [[Divine Light Mission]], [[Eckankar]], [[ISKCON|Hare Krishna]], [[Osho-Rajneesh movement|Osho movement]], [[Sahaja Yoga]], [[Sathya Sai Baba|Sai Baba]], [[Sri Chinmoy]], [[Transcendental Meditation]], [[Uriella|Fiat Lux]], [[Universal Life]], and [[Family International|The Family]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010_5/168294.htm |title=Austria |publisher=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] |date=2011-09-13 |accessdate=2013-09-03}}</ref>
 
== Belgium ==


=== Parliamentary Inquiry Commission (1997) ===
=== Parliamentary Inquiry Commission (1997) ===
Regel 225: Regel 222:
The General Office of Ministry of Public Security of the government of [[China]] maintains a list of what it considers "evil cults,"  entitled "Information Regarding the Organizations Already Identified as Cults."  Among the groups listed is Christian-based [[Eastern Lightning]].<ref>Jason Kindopp, Carol Lee Hamrin (editors), ''God and Caesar in China'', Brookings Institution Press, 2004, ISBN 0815749368, page 73</ref> The followers of [[Watchman Nee]] (the Shouters) are said to be the first group put on the list, in 1983.<ref>Daniel H. Bays, ''A New History of Christianity in China,'' Wiley-Blackwell, 2012, ISBN 9781405159548</ref> Other Christian-based groups on the list include:  The [[Shouters 2]] (Chinese Shouters), [[Established King]], the [[Lord God Sect]], the [[Lingling Sect]],  the [[All Scope Church]],  the [[South China Church]], the [[Disciples Sect]], the [[Three Ranks of Service]], the [[Cold Water Sect]], the [[Commune Sect]], the [[New Testiment Church]], the [[Resurrection Sect]], the [[Dami Evangelism Association]], and the [[World Elijah Evangelism Association]].<ref>Fenggang Yang, ''Religion in China: Survival and Revival under Communist Rule, 2011, [[Oxford University Press]], ISBN13: 9780199735648, pages 102-195</ref>  In 2001,  [[Falun Gong]] was added to the list.<ref>US Commission on International Religious Freedom, 2001, US GPO,  page 28</ref>
The General Office of Ministry of Public Security of the government of [[China]] maintains a list of what it considers "evil cults,"  entitled "Information Regarding the Organizations Already Identified as Cults."  Among the groups listed is Christian-based [[Eastern Lightning]].<ref>Jason Kindopp, Carol Lee Hamrin (editors), ''God and Caesar in China'', Brookings Institution Press, 2004, ISBN 0815749368, page 73</ref> The followers of [[Watchman Nee]] (the Shouters) are said to be the first group put on the list, in 1983.<ref>Daniel H. Bays, ''A New History of Christianity in China,'' Wiley-Blackwell, 2012, ISBN 9781405159548</ref> Other Christian-based groups on the list include:  The [[Shouters 2]] (Chinese Shouters), [[Established King]], the [[Lord God Sect]], the [[Lingling Sect]],  the [[All Scope Church]],  the [[South China Church]], the [[Disciples Sect]], the [[Three Ranks of Service]], the [[Cold Water Sect]], the [[Commune Sect]], the [[New Testiment Church]], the [[Resurrection Sect]], the [[Dami Evangelism Association]], and the [[World Elijah Evangelism Association]].<ref>Fenggang Yang, ''Religion in China: Survival and Revival under Communist Rule, 2011, [[Oxford University Press]], ISBN13: 9780199735648, pages 102-195</ref>  In 2001,  [[Falun Gong]] was added to the list.<ref>US Commission on International Religious Freedom, 2001, US GPO,  page 28</ref>


== France ==
== Duitsland (Germany) ==
=== Berlin Senate report (1997) ===
An official report of a [[Senate of Berlin|Senate]] Committee of the city and state of Berlin in Germany listed and discussed cults ({{lang-de|Sekten}}), emphasizing with its sub-title their categorization as "entities espousing a [[world view]] and new religions". The 1997 Berlin Senate report — entitled ''Cults: Risks and Side-effects: Information on selected new religious and world-view espousing Movements and Psycho-offerings''<ref name="germany1997">{{cite book|last=Rũhle (ed.)|first=Anne|coauthors=Ina Kunst|title= "Sekten": Risiken und Nebenwirkungen: Informationen zu ausgewählten neuen religiõsen und weltanschaulichen Bewegungen und Psychoangeboten.'' [Cults: Risks and Side-effects. Information on selected new religious and world-view Movements and Psycho-offerings]|origdate=|origyear=1994|url=http://www.ariplex.com/ama/amasenat.htm|accessdate=2007-02-06
|edition=2nd|volume=1|date=December 1997|publisher= Senatsverwaltung für Schule, Jugend and Sport. [Senate Administration for School, Youth and Sport]|language= German}}</ref> — subdivided "selected suppliers" (''ausgewählte Anbieter'') of its objects of interest as:
 
{{Multicol}}
* 7.1: Groups with a Christian background (''Gruppen mit christlichem Hintergrund'')
** 7.1.1 [[Uriella#Fiat Lux|Fiat Lux]]
** 7.1.2 Parish on the Road Evangelical Free Church (registered association) (''Gemeinde auf dem Weg Evangelische Freikirche e.V'')
** 7.1.3 Parish of Jesus Christ (registered association) Boston Church of Christ (''Gemeinde Jesu Christi e.V. (Boston Church of Christ)'')
** 7.1.4 [[Universal Life]] (Re-gathering of Jesus Christ) (''Universelles Leben (Heimholungswerk Jesu Christi/HHW)'')
** 7.1.5 [[Unification Church]] ([[Sun Myung Moon|Moon]] movement) (''Vereinigungskirche (Mun-Bewegung)'')
* 7.2 Groups with a [[Paganism|pagan]] background (''Gruppen mit heidnischem Hintergrund'')
** 7.2.1 Teutonic Belief Association (registered association) (''Germanische Glaubengemeinschaft e.V. (GGG)'')
** 7.2.2 Pagan Association (registered association) (''Heidnische Gemeinschaft e.V. (HG)'')
* 7.3 Groups with a [[Hinduism|Hinduistic]] background (''Gruppen mit hinduistischem Hintergrund'')
** 7.3.1 [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) (''International Society of Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)'')
** 7.3.2 [[Osho movement|OSHO-Movement]] ([[Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh)|Osho]]) (''OSHO-Bewegung (Bhagwan)'')
** 7.3.3 [[Ruhani Satsang]] of [[Sant Thakar Singh|Thakar Singh]] (''Ruhani Satsang des Thakar Singh'')
** 7.3.4 [[Transcendental Meditation]] (TM) (''Transzendentale Meditation (TM)'')
{{Multicol-break}}
* 7.4 Suppliers of Life-Help (''Anbieter von Lebenshilfe'')
** commercial: (''kommerziell:'')
** 7.4.1 The Circle of Friends of [[Bruno Gröning]] (''Bruno Gröning-Freundeskreise'')
** 7.4.2 Context Seminar Company Limited (''Kontext Seminar GmbH'')
** 7.4.3 [[Landmark Education]] (LE) (''Landmark Education (LE)'')
** 7.4.4 Art Reade
** 7.4.5 [[Scientology]]
** 7.4.6 The Natale Institute (TNI)
** non-commercial: (''nicht kommerziell:'')
** 7.4.7 Union for the Enhancement of the psychological Knowledge of Mankind (''Verein zur Förderung der psychologischen Menschenkenntnis (VPM)'')
* 7.5 [[Occultism]]/[[Satanism]] (''Okkultismus/Satanismus'')
* 7.6 So-called [[Multi-level marketing|Multi-level Marketers]] (''Sogenannte Strukturvertriebe'')
{{Multicol-end}}
 
== Frankrijk ==


{{details3|[[Religious freedom in France]], [[Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France]], [[MIVILUDES]]}}
{{details3|[[Religious freedom in France]], [[Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France]], [[MIVILUDES]]}}
Regel 463: Regel 495:
* Tradition Famille Propriété ([[American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property|Tradition Family Property]])
* Tradition Famille Propriété ([[American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property|Tradition Family Property]])


== Germany ==
==Oostenrijk==
 
Beginning in 2011, the [[United States Department of State]]'s ''International Religious Freedom Report'', as released by the [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] no longer distinguishes sects in Austria as a separate group. Rather, religious groups are divided into three legal categories: officially recognized religious societies, religious confessional communities, and associations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=208288 |title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2012 |publisher=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] |accessdate=2013-09-03}}</ref> In the most recent year for which sects were officially recognized in Austria, the groups included the [[Church of Scientology]], the [[Unification Church]], the [[Divine Light Mission]], [[Eckankar]], [[ISKCON|Hare Krishna]], [[Osho-Rajneesh movement|Osho movement]], [[Sahaja Yoga]], [[Sathya Sai Baba|Sai Baba]], [[Sri Chinmoy]], [[Transcendental Meditation]], [[Uriella|Fiat Lux]], [[Universal Life]], and [[Family International|The Family]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010_5/168294.htm |title=Austria |publisher=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] |date=2011-09-13 |accessdate=2013-09-03}}</ref>
=== Berlin Senate report (1997) ===
An official report of a [[Senate of Berlin|Senate]] Committee of the city and state of Berlin in Germany listed and discussed cults ({{lang-de|Sekten}}), emphasizing with its sub-title their categorization as "entities espousing a [[world view]] and new religions". The 1997 Berlin Senate report — entitled ''Cults: Risks and Side-effects: Information on selected new religious and world-view espousing Movements and Psycho-offerings''<ref name="germany1997">{{cite book|last=Rũhle (ed.)|first=Anne|coauthors=Ina Kunst|title= "Sekten": Risiken und Nebenwirkungen: Informationen zu ausgewählten neuen religiõsen und weltanschaulichen Bewegungen und Psychoangeboten.'' [Cults: Risks and Side-effects. Information on selected new religious and world-view Movements and Psycho-offerings]|origdate=|origyear=1994|url=http://www.ariplex.com/ama/amasenat.htm|accessdate=2007-02-06
|edition=2nd|volume=1|date=December 1997|publisher= Senatsverwaltung für Schule, Jugend and Sport. [Senate Administration for School, Youth and Sport]|language= German}}</ref> — subdivided "selected suppliers" (''ausgewählte Anbieter'') of its objects of interest as:
 
{{Multicol}}
* 7.1: Groups with a Christian background (''Gruppen mit christlichem Hintergrund'')
** 7.1.1 [[Uriella#Fiat Lux|Fiat Lux]]
** 7.1.2 Parish on the Road Evangelical Free Church (registered association) (''Gemeinde auf dem Weg Evangelische Freikirche e.V'')
** 7.1.3 Parish of Jesus Christ (registered association) Boston Church of Christ (''Gemeinde Jesu Christi e.V. (Boston Church of Christ)'')
** 7.1.4 [[Universal Life]] (Re-gathering of Jesus Christ) (''Universelles Leben (Heimholungswerk Jesu Christi/HHW)'')
** 7.1.5 [[Unification Church]] ([[Sun Myung Moon|Moon]] movement) (''Vereinigungskirche (Mun-Bewegung)'')
* 7.2 Groups with a [[Paganism|pagan]] background (''Gruppen mit heidnischem Hintergrund'')
** 7.2.1 Teutonic Belief Association (registered association) (''Germanische Glaubengemeinschaft e.V. (GGG)'')
** 7.2.2 Pagan Association (registered association) (''Heidnische Gemeinschaft e.V. (HG)'')
* 7.3 Groups with a [[Hinduism|Hinduistic]] background (''Gruppen mit hinduistischem Hintergrund'')
** 7.3.1 [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) (''International Society of Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)'')
** 7.3.2 [[Osho movement|OSHO-Movement]] ([[Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh)|Osho]]) (''OSHO-Bewegung (Bhagwan)'')
** 7.3.3 [[Ruhani Satsang]] of [[Sant Thakar Singh|Thakar Singh]] (''Ruhani Satsang des Thakar Singh'')
** 7.3.4 [[Transcendental Meditation]] (TM) (''Transzendentale Meditation (TM)'')
{{Multicol-break}}
* 7.4 Suppliers of Life-Help (''Anbieter von Lebenshilfe'')
** commercial: (''kommerziell:'')
** 7.4.1 The Circle of Friends of [[Bruno Gröning]] (''Bruno Gröning-Freundeskreise'')
** 7.4.2 Context Seminar Company Limited (''Kontext Seminar GmbH'')
** 7.4.3 [[Landmark Education]] (LE) (''Landmark Education (LE)'')
** 7.4.4 Art Reade
** 7.4.5 [[Scientology]]
** 7.4.6 The Natale Institute (TNI)
** non-commercial: (''nicht kommerziell:'')
** 7.4.7 Union for the Enhancement of the psychological Knowledge of Mankind (''Verein zur Förderung der psychologischen Menschenkenntnis (VPM)'')
* 7.5 [[Occultism]]/[[Satanism]] (''Okkultismus/Satanismus'')
* 7.6 So-called [[Multi-level marketing|Multi-level Marketers]] (''Sogenannte Strukturvertriebe'')
{{Multicol-end}}


==Russia==
==Rusland==
In 2008 the [[Russian Interior Ministry]] prepared a list of "extremist groups."  At the top of the list were Islamic groups outside of "traditional Islam," which is supervised by the Russian government. Next listed were [[Neopaganism|"Pagan cults"]].<ref>''The new nobility : the restoration of Russia's security state and the enduring legacy of the KGB'', Author: Andreĭ Soldatov; I Borogan,
In 2008 the [[Russian Interior Ministry]] prepared a list of "extremist groups."  At the top of the list were Islamic groups outside of "traditional Islam," which is supervised by the Russian government. Next listed were [[Neopaganism|"Pagan cults"]].<ref>''The new nobility : the restoration of Russia's security state and the enduring legacy of the KGB'', Author: Andreĭ Soldatov; I Borogan,
Publisher: New York, NY : PublicAffairs, ©2010. pages 65-66</ref>  In 2009 the [[Russian Ministry of Justice]] created a council which it named "Council of Experts Conducting State Religious Studies Expert Analysis."  The new council listed 80 large sects which it considered potentially dangerous to Russian society, and mentioned that there were thousands of smaller ones.  Large sects listed included: [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and what were called "neo-Pentecostals." <ref>''Persecuted: The Global Assault on Christians (Google eBook), Paul Marshall, 2013, Thomas Nelson Inc</ref>
Publisher: New York, NY : PublicAffairs, ©2010. pages 65-66</ref>  In 2009 the [[Russian Ministry of Justice]] created a council which it named "Council of Experts Conducting State Religious Studies Expert Analysis."  The new council listed 80 large sects which it considered potentially dangerous to Russian society, and mentioned that there were thousands of smaller ones.  Large sects listed included: [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and what were called "neo-Pentecostals." <ref>''Persecuted: The Global Assault on Christians (Google eBook), Paul Marshall, 2013, Thomas Nelson Inc</ref>


==United States==
==Verenigde Staten==
 
=== Committee on Government Reform (August 1999) ===
=== Committee on Government Reform (August 1999) ===
;''Suspect Organizations and Individuals Possessing Long-Range Fifty Caliber Sniper Weapons''
;''Suspect Organizations and Individuals Possessing Long-Range Fifty Caliber Sniper Weapons''
Regel 521: Regel 519:
On December 15, 1999 the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction presented a report called ''Assessing the Threat'' to the [[President of the United States]] and to the [[United States Congress]].  The report discusses the 1984 contamination of salad bars in [[Oregon]] by the [[Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh]] group, and the [[Aum Shinrikyo]] [[Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway]] of 1995.  Both groups are referred to as cults in the report.<ref name="assessing">{{cite book | last =Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Assessing The Threat: First Annual Report to The President and The Congress of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction | publisher =DIANE Publishing | date =December 15, 1999 | location = | pages =18, 24, 26, 28, 38, 40, 46–51 | url =http://www.rand.org/nsrd/terrpanel/terror.pdf | doi = | id = | isbn = 1-4289-8112-8|format=PDF}}</ref>
On December 15, 1999 the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction presented a report called ''Assessing the Threat'' to the [[President of the United States]] and to the [[United States Congress]].  The report discusses the 1984 contamination of salad bars in [[Oregon]] by the [[Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh]] group, and the [[Aum Shinrikyo]] [[Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway]] of 1995.  Both groups are referred to as cults in the report.<ref name="assessing">{{cite book | last =Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Assessing The Threat: First Annual Report to The President and The Congress of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction | publisher =DIANE Publishing | date =December 15, 1999 | location = | pages =18, 24, 26, 28, 38, 40, 46–51 | url =http://www.rand.org/nsrd/terrpanel/terror.pdf | doi = | id = | isbn = 1-4289-8112-8|format=PDF}}</ref>


==Controversies==
==Controversen==


===French list===
===Frankrijk===
The criteria chosen by the French Renseignements généraux to establish the potential dangers of a movement were criticized since they were considered vague and may include many organizations, religious or not. One of the first criticisms came from bishop [[Jean Vernette]], the national secretary of the French episcopate to the study of cults and new religious movements, who stressed that these criteria can be applied to almost all religions. Moreover, sociologists such as [[Bruno Étienne]] emphasized that the mental manipulation should not be defined by the policemen of the Renseignements généraux.<ref>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=Les sectes en France |publisher=Hachette littératures |year=2002 |language=French |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=213}}</ref> The list of cults was based on the criteria defined by the Renseignements généraux, but without specifying which of their practices are specifically criticized. In addition, the secrecy of the work made by the RG led to questions about the presence or absence of certain organizations in the list. Étienne questioned the presence of the CEDIPAC SA company, formerly known as [[European Grouping of Marketing Professionals]] (GEPM), as its activity is not in the religious field.<ref>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=Les sectes en France |publisher=Hachette littératures |year=2002 |language=French |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=224}}</ref> The absence of [[Opus Dei]] or the Freemasons also raised questions.<ref>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=Les sectes en France |publisher=Hachette littératures |year=2002 |language=French |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=182}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Raphaël Verrier |title=La loi anti-secte : remède empoisonné d'un mal imaginaire |url=http://lmsi.net/spip.php?article57 |publisher=Les mots sont importants |language=French |date=February 2001 |accessdate=9 September 2009}}</ref> In 2007, Yves Bertrand, General Director of the Renseignements généraux from 1992 to 2003, spoke about his collaborative work with the parliamentary reports on cults, and said: "Alongside genuine and dangerous cults practicing removal of school, abuse of weakness or pedophilia, some groups have been a bit quickly dress up of the word cult".<ref>{{cite book |first=Yves |last=Bertrand |publisher=Plon |year=1997 |title=Je ne sais rien mais je dirai (presque) tout |language=French |page=166}}</ref> Furthermore, on 27 May 2005, the 1995 list of cults of the French report was officially cancelled and invalidated by [[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]]'s circulaire.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/content/societe/article?id=19641 |title=La fin des listes noires |journal=[[Le Point]] |publisher=Artémis |place=Paris |language=French |date=23 June 2005 |accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref>
The criteria chosen by the French Renseignements généraux to establish the potential dangers of a movement were criticized since they were considered vague and may include many organizations, religious or not. One of the first criticisms came from bishop [[Jean Vernette]], the national secretary of the French episcopate to the study of cults and new religious movements, who stressed that these criteria can be applied to almost all religions. Moreover, sociologists such as [[Bruno Étienne]] emphasized that the mental manipulation should not be defined by the policemen of the Renseignements généraux.<ref>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=Les sectes en France |publisher=Hachette littératures |year=2002 |language=French |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=213}}</ref> The list of cults was based on the criteria defined by the Renseignements généraux, but without specifying which of their practices are specifically criticized. In addition, the secrecy of the work made by the RG led to questions about the presence or absence of certain organizations in the list. Étienne questioned the presence of the CEDIPAC SA company, formerly known as [[European Grouping of Marketing Professionals]] (GEPM), as its activity is not in the religious field.<ref>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=Les sectes en France |publisher=Hachette littératures |year=2002 |language=French |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=224}}</ref> The absence of [[Opus Dei]] or the Freemasons also raised questions.<ref>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=Les sectes en France |publisher=Hachette littératures |year=2002 |language=French |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=182}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Raphaël Verrier |title=La loi anti-secte : remède empoisonné d'un mal imaginaire |url=http://lmsi.net/spip.php?article57 |publisher=Les mots sont importants |language=French |date=February 2001 |accessdate=9 September 2009}}</ref> In 2007, Yves Bertrand, General Director of the Renseignements généraux from 1992 to 2003, spoke about his collaborative work with the parliamentary reports on cults, and said: "Alongside genuine and dangerous cults practicing removal of school, abuse of weakness or pedophilia, some groups have been a bit quickly dress up of the word cult".<ref>{{cite book |first=Yves |last=Bertrand |publisher=Plon |year=1997 |title=Je ne sais rien mais je dirai (presque) tout |language=French |page=166}}</ref> Furthermore, on 27 May 2005, the 1995 list of cults of the French report was officially cancelled and invalidated by [[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]]'s circulaire.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/content/societe/article?id=19641 |title=La fin des listes noires |journal=[[Le Point]] |publisher=Artémis |place=Paris |language=French |date=23 June 2005 |accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref>


Regel 530: Regel 528:
In France, the 1995 parliamentary report listed the [[Shri Ram Chandra Mission]]. This has been criticized by lawyer Lawrence Hincker, who said that "this system of meditation, called Sahaj Marg, does not lead to a life away from the world. It integrates all aspects of man, whether physical, mental or spiritual, without charge or austerity or penance or self-negation".<ref>{{cite book |first=Laurent |last=Hincker |title=Sectes, rumeurs et tribunaux |publisher=La nuée bleue |year=2003 |language=French}}</ref> According to the sociologist [[Bruno Étienne]], an expert on religious issues, the SRCM publishes books as any other group but does not proselytize, and has never been convicted: "To us, it is fully a NMR (new religious movement), modern religious group, although based on an ancient tradition, and subject to serious arguments advanced by others more knowledgeable, we do not understand why it is criticized on the list of the damned".<ref>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=La France face aux sectes |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=86 |language=French}}</ref> [[Raphaël Liogier]], Director of the Observatory of religious and university professor at the [[Institut d'Études Politiques]] in [[Aix-en-Provence]], said he did not understand the inclusion on the cult list of an association that is fully recognized in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Transcription intégrale de l'interview de Raphaël Liogier |url=http://www.sectes-infos.net/Raphael_Liogier_Transcript_Integral.htm |publisher=Centre d'Information et de Conseil des Nouvelles Spiritualités |date=May 2006 |language=French |accessdate=4 August 2010}}</ref>
In France, the 1995 parliamentary report listed the [[Shri Ram Chandra Mission]]. This has been criticized by lawyer Lawrence Hincker, who said that "this system of meditation, called Sahaj Marg, does not lead to a life away from the world. It integrates all aspects of man, whether physical, mental or spiritual, without charge or austerity or penance or self-negation".<ref>{{cite book |first=Laurent |last=Hincker |title=Sectes, rumeurs et tribunaux |publisher=La nuée bleue |year=2003 |language=French}}</ref> According to the sociologist [[Bruno Étienne]], an expert on religious issues, the SRCM publishes books as any other group but does not proselytize, and has never been convicted: "To us, it is fully a NMR (new religious movement), modern religious group, although based on an ancient tradition, and subject to serious arguments advanced by others more knowledgeable, we do not understand why it is criticized on the list of the damned".<ref>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=La France face aux sectes |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=86 |language=French}}</ref> [[Raphaël Liogier]], Director of the Observatory of religious and university professor at the [[Institut d'Études Politiques]] in [[Aix-en-Provence]], said he did not understand the inclusion on the cult list of an association that is fully recognized in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Transcription intégrale de l'interview de Raphaël Liogier |url=http://www.sectes-infos.net/Raphael_Liogier_Transcript_Integral.htm |publisher=Centre d'Information et de Conseil des Nouvelles Spiritualités |date=May 2006 |language=French |accessdate=4 August 2010}}</ref>


==See also==
==Zie ook==
* [[European Federation of Centres of Research and Information on Sectarianism]] (FECRIS)
* [[European Federation of Centres of Research and Information on Sectarianism]] (FECRIS)


== References ==
== Verwijzingen ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


Versie van 7 apr 2014 12:39

Het gebruik van de term sekte (of in het Engels ook cult) voor religieuze bewegingen in overheidsdocumenten komt over het algemeen overeen met het alledaagse en negatieve gebruik van het woord sekte.[1][2] Verslagen van de overheid of door de overheid aangestelde commissies waarin de woorden sekte of cult werden gebruikt, kwamen voor in België,[3] Duitsland,[4] Canada,[5] Frankrijk,[6] Oostenrijk[7] en de Verenigde Staten.[8] Hoewel deze documenten gelijkaardige bewoordingen gebruiken, bevatten ze niet noodzakelijk dezelfde groepen, noch zijn er vaststaande criteria om een groep al dan niet in de lijst op te nemen.[1][2] Ook andere regeringen deden onderzoek naar [nieuwe] religieuze bewegingen, maar gebruikten de termen sekte of cult.[1]

Australië

In Australië verwees het Parlement van South Wales op 24 november 1992 naar Kenja Communication as cult.[9]

België

Parliamentary Inquiry Commission (1997)

The Justice Commission of the Belgian House of Representatives set up a parliamentary inquiry commission to work out a policy concerning cults. On April 28, 1997, the parliamentary commission issued its 670-page report[3] that contained a list of 189 movements, and stated that "[t]he fact that a movement is listed here, even if at the instigation of an official instance, does not signify that the Commission regards it as a cult". The parliament failed to adopt the report as such and only voted to accept the conclusions and recommendations (19 pages), and not the list. Despite the lack of adoption of the list, the commission published the whole report, including the list.[10] According to Human Rights Without Frontiers International, a Brussels Appeals Court in 2005 condemned the Belgian House of Representatives on the grounds that it had damaged the image of an organization (the Universal Church of God's Kingdom) listed in the 1997 parliamentary inquiry commission on sects.[11]

The Belgian list of groups (French-language naming or primary naming, with numbering as in the original document): Sjabloon:Multicol

  • 1. Aba Vangh
  • 2. Abrasax (Institut)
  • 3. Action Évangelique de Pentecôte (AEP) [Evangelical Action of Pentecost]
  • 4. Adventistes du 7e Jour [Seventh-day Adventists]
  • 5. Amish
  • 6. Ananda Marga
  • 7. Ange Albert (Glaube und Hoffnung) [Angel Albert (Belief and Hope)]
  • 8. Anthroposophie (Société Anthroposophique en Belgique) [Anthroposophy (Anthroposophical Society in Belgium)]
  • 9. Antoinisme (culte antoiniste)
  • 10. Aoum [Aum Shinrikyo]
  • 11. Assemblée Viens et Vois [Come and See Assembly]
  • 12. Assemblées de Dieu [Assemblies of God]
  • 13. Association Centre Saint-Michel A.S.B.L. [Saint Michael Centre Association (asbl)]
  • 14. Association (du Saint-Esprit) pour l'Unification du Christianisme mondial (Moon) [The Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (Sun Myung Moon)]
  • 15. Association Égoïque [Ego Association]
  • 16. Association Internationale pour la Conscience de Krishna (AICK ou ISKCON) [International Society for Krishna Consciousness or ISKCON)]
  • 17. Association Maître Supreme Ching Hai [Association of the Supreme Master Ching Hai]
  • 18. Atlantide ou Ambassade de la Paix [Atlantid or Embassy of Peace]
  • 19. Au Cœur de la Communication (ACC) [At the Heart of Communication]
  • 20. Auram
  • 21. Axe Holistique [Holistic Axis]
  • 22. Baha'ie (La Foi Mondiale) [Bahá'í (the World Faith)]
  • 23. Ban Thai Laos
  • 24. Bhagwan (ou mouvement Neo Samyas) [Bhagwan (or Neo Samyas movement)]
  • 25. Brahma Kumaris
  • 26. Broeder Gregorius [Brother Gregory]
  • 27. Caillou (La communauté du) ou les «Jeudis du Caillou» ou «La Communauté de la Cité»
  • 28. Calvary Christian Center
  • 29. Capital Worship Center
  • 30. Église céleste du Christ ou Église du Christianisme céleste [Celestial Church of Christ]
  • 31. Centre Paradigme [Paradigm Center]
  • 32. Centrum «De Reiziger» ["De Reiziger" Center]
  • 33. Chevaliers du Lotus d'Or (Mandarom) (Association du Vajra triomphant) [Knights of the Golden Lotus (Mandarom) (Triumphant Vajra Association)]
  • 34. Christian Church
  • 35. Church Universal and Triumphant
  • 36. Clier A.S.B.L. [Clier asbl]
  • 37. Compagnie Chevaleresque de Saint-Michel [Knightly Association of Saint Michael]
  • 38. Contre-Reforme Catholique (ligue de) [The League for Catholic Counter-Reformation (CRC)]
  • 39. CORAEN (Centrum voor de Opsporing, Registratie en Analyse van Elfennesten)
  • Cor Unum (see Ordre du Divin Sacré Coeur)
  • 40. Coven Thot [Thot Coven]
  • 41. Cristal A.S.B.L.[Crystal asbl]
  • 42. De Ark [The Ark]
  • 43. De Geestelijke Kracht [Spiritual Power]
  • 44. De Groep (un psychologue) [The group (a psychologist)]
  • 45. Deva-Light
  • 46. Dynarsis Institute
  • 47. EBS – De Werter Loge
  • 48. ECK (Energo-Chromo-Kinese) ou Énergo 8 internationale [ECK (Energo-chromo-kinetics) or Energo 8 International]
  • 49. École de Philosophie [School of Philosophy]
  • 50. Ecoovie
  • 51. Église Catholique Apostolique Gallicane Traditionnelle [Traditional Gallican Apostolic Catholic Church]
  • 52. Église de Jésus-Christ des Saints des Derniers Jours (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or Mormons)
  • 53. Église de la Pentecôte Bethel [Church of the Bethel Pentecost]
  • 54. Église de Scientologie [Church of Scientology
  • 55. Église du Christ de Bruxelles (dépendant de l'Eglise du Christ de Boston) [Brussels Church of Christ (subsidiary of the Boston Church of Christ ]
  • 56. Église Évangélique Libre [Free Evangelical Church]
  • 57. Église Gnostique Lucifer Christ [Lucifer Christ Gnostic Church]
  • 58. Église Internationale du Christ [International Churches of Christ]
  • 59. Église Jésus-Christ de Vérité [Jesus Christ Church of Truth]
  • 60. Église Néoapostolique [New Apostolic Church]
  • 61. Église Universelle de Dieu (Eglise Mondiale du Christ) [Universal Church of God (Worldwide Church of Christ)]
  • 62. Église Universelle du Royaume de Dieu [Universal Church of the Kingdom of God]
  • 63. Élégance Continentale [Continental Elegance]
  • 64. Elewout Centrum [Elewout Center]
  • 65. Emin Foundation (originally "Church of Eminent Way")
  • 66. Énergie Humaine et Universelle (HUE): Institut Européen de Recherche de l'Énergie Humaine et Universelle IEREHU) [Human and Universal Energy (HUE): European Research Institute for Human and Universal Energy IEREHU]
  • 67. Evangelische Christenen [Evangelical Christians]
  • 68. Éveil de la Conscience [Waking of the Conscience]
  • 69. Ex Deo Nascimur [From God we are born]
  • 70. Fédération et Union Spirites Belges [Belgian Spirits Federation and Union]
  • 71. Fellowship Friends Renaissance
  • 72. Filiation Solazaref
  • 73. Fraternité Blanche Universelle (FBU) [ Universal White Brotherhood; compare Great White Brotherhood ]
  • 74. Friends Of Edo (F of E)
  • 75. Gemeente van Christus [Parish of Christ]
  • 76. God's River Ministries
  • 77. Groep ter Verering van de Wenende Madonna van Bohan [Group for Honoring the Weeping Madonna of Bohan]
  • 78. Groupe de Recherche et de Fondation en Analyse Existentielle [Research and Training Group in Existential Analysis]
  • 79. Het Gereformeerde Evangelisatie Centrum Essen [The Essen Reformed Evangelization Center]
  • 80. Het Werk (L'Oeuvre) [The Work]
  • 81. Het Zwarte Licht [The Black Light]
  • 82. Horus
  • 83. Humana
  • 84. I Am
  • 85. Iatrosophie [Iatrosophy]
  • 86. INDIP (Institut de développement et d'intégration de la personne) (centre primal) [INDIP (Institute for the Development and Integration of the personality) (primary centre)]
  • 87. Insight Benelux (intermédiaire de Insight Educational Institute, en Californie) [Insight Benelux (associated with Insight Educational Institute, in California)]
  • 88. Institut Gnostique d'Anthropologie (IGA) [Gnostic Institute of Anthropology (IGA)]
  • 89. Institut Gurdjieff [The Gurdjieff Foundation]
  • 90. Institut Yeuntenling A.S.B.L./Tibetaans Instituut V.Z.W. (Karma Sonam Gyamtso Ling)

Sjabloon:Multicol-break

  • 91. Ishtar
  • 92. IVI (Invitation à la vie intense) [IVI (Invitation to Intense Life)]
  • 93. Jain Association
  • 94. Jiddu Krisna Murti
  • 95. Kapel van het Allerheiligste Sacrament [Chapel of the Most Holy Sacrament]
  • 96. Katalys A.S.B.L. [Katalys asbl]
  • 97. Kreative Energie [Creative Energy]
  • 98. Kripalu Yoga
  • 99. La Famille ou Association des communautés missionnaires chrétiennes indépendantes [ The Family or Association of Independent Christian Missionary Communities]
  • 100. La Licorne de Jade [The Jade Unicorn]
  • 101. La Lunaire [The Lunary]
  • 102. La Paideutique
  • 103. La Parole de Jésus [The Word of Jesus]
  • 104. La Ramonette
  • 105. La Voie de la Lumière [The Way of Light]
  • 106. Landmark Education
  • 107. Le Hêtre
  • 108. Le Mantra d'Hasom [The Mantra of Hasom]
  • 109. Le Patriarche [The Patriarch]
  • 110. Le Rassemblement Europeen Ouvriers du Christ [The Workers of Christ European Rally]
  • 111. Les Adorateurs du Nombril du Soleil [Worshippers of the Navel of the Sun]
  • 112. Les Alchimistes [The Alchemists]
  • 113. Les Amis de l'Homme (à l'origine «L'Ange de l'Eternel») [The Friends of Man (originally "The Angel of the Eternal")]
  • 114. Les Assemblées des Frères Darbystes
  • 115. Les Croix de la Nouvelle Babylone [The Crosses of the New Babylon]
  • 116. Les Matsya A.S.B.L.
  • 117. Loge Noire [Black Lodge]
  • 118. Longo-Mai
  • 119. Maitreya (BAHA)
  • 120. Meditation Transcendentale [Transcendental Meditation]
  • 121. Messias Concern [Messiah Concern]
  • 122. Miroir Solaire [Mirror of the Sun]
  • 123. Mission d'Arès [Ares Mission]
  • 124. Mouvement du Graal [Grail Movement]
  • 125. Mouvement Humaniste (Le Mouvement) [Humanist Movement (The Movement)]
  • 126. Mouvement Raëlien Belge [Belgian Raelian Movement]
  • 127. Nació dos Muchachos [Nation of Guys]
  • 128. Noire Eau [Black Water]
  • 129. Nouvelle Acropole [New Acropolis]
  • 130. Oasis of Mellie Uyldertstichting [Oasis of Mellie Uyldert Foundation]
  • 131. Ogyen Kunzang Chöling (OKC)
  • 132. Opstal
  • 133. Opus Dei
  • 134. Ordre de la Pleine Lune [Order of the Full Moon]
  • 135. Ordre de la Rose-Croix [ Order of the Rose Cross ]
  • 136. Ordre des Chevaliers du Temple, du Christ et de Notre-Dame (OCTCND) ou Fraternité Johannite pour la résurgence templière [Order of Knights of the Temple, of Christ and of Our Lady (OCTCND) or Johannite Fraternity for Templar Renewal]
  • 137. Ordre du Divin Sacré Cœur (Cor Unum) [Order of the Divine Sacred Heart (Cor Unum)]
  • 138. Ordre du Temple Solaire [Order of the Solar Temple]
  • 139. Ordre Vert Druidique et de la Fraternité du Soleil Celtique [Druidic Green Order and Order of the Fraternity of the Celtic Sun]
  • 140. OSMTH/OSMTJ (Ordre Souverain et Militaire du Temple de Jérusalem) [OSMTH/SMOTJ: Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem]
  • 141. Paramahansa Yogananda
  • 142. Payot Marie Blanche
  • 143. Pere Samuel [Father Samuel]
  • 144. Pluk De Dag (Centrum der Duizend Zonnen) [Seize the Day (Centre of the Twelve Suns)]
  • 145. Power
  • 146. Quadratoquintillia
  • 147. Religieus Genootschap der Vrienden Quakers [Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)]
  • 148. Renouveau Charismatique [Charismatic Renewal]
  • 149. Sahaja Yoga
  • 150. Satansekte [Satan cults]
  • 151. Sathya Sai Baba
  • 152. Savoir pour Être [Know in order to Be]
  • 153. Selfrealisation Fellowship [ Self-Realization Fellowship ]
  • 154. Servanta
  • 155. Shin Boedhisme (Jodo Shinso) [Shin Buddhism Jodo Shinshu)]
  • 156. Shri Ram Chandra Mission
  • 157. Siddha Shiva Yoga [Siddha Yoga]
  • 158. Sierra 21
  • 159. Sint Egidiusgemeenschap [Community of Sant'Egidio | The Community of Saint Giles]
  • 160. Soefi Beweging [ Sufi movement ]
  • 161. Soka Gakkai
  • 162. Ster van David (Huis Maria van Bethlehem) [Star of David (Mary of Bethlehem House)]
  • 163. Stromen van Kracht [Streams of Power]
  • 164. Sûkyô Mahikari
  • 165. Summit Light House
  • 166. Sunnatarem Belgium Natural Dubdist Meditation Center
  • 167. Szatmar
  • 168. T'ai chi
  • 169. Tao Yoga
  • 170. Teblig
  • 171. Témoins de Jehovah [ Jehovah's Witnesses ]
  • 172. Terre d'Enneille
  • 173. The Elijah Muhammad Foundation
  • 174. Theosofie V.Z.W. (Geüniëerde loge van Theosofen) [ Theosophy non-profit organization (United Lodge of Theosophists)]
  • 175. Theravada
  • 176. Trans-Mutations
  • 177. Trois Saints Cœurs [The Three Holy Hearts]
  • 178. Vahali (I Am)
  • 179. Thérapeute Yvo Van Orshoven (A.S.B.L. Esse) [The therapist Yvo Van Orshoven (Esse non-profit organisation)]
  • 180. Verbond van Vlaamse Pinkstergemeenten [Union of Flemish Pentecostal Churches]
  • 181. Vibration Cœur [Vibrating Heart]
  • 182. Vrij Evangelische Kerkgemeente [Free Evangelical Church Community]
  • 183. Wat Asokaran [Wat Asokaram]
  • 184. World Federation For Spiritual Healing
  • 185. Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA)
  • 186. YSS [ Yogoda Satsanga Society of India ]
  • 187. Zen
  • 188. Zida Yoga
  • 189. Zwarte Madonna - Satanskerk [Black Madonna - Church of Satan]

Sjabloon:Multicol-end

Canada

A Canadian Security Intelligence Service report of 1999 discussed "Doomsday Religious Movements espousing hostile beliefs and having the potential to be violent.." Groups classified as "Doomsday Religious Movements" included:

In 2005, the Hate Crimes Unit of the Edmonton Police Service confiscated anti-Falun Gong materials distributed at the annual conference of the American Family Foundation by staff members of the Calgary Chinese Consulate (Province of Alberta, Canada). The materials, including the calling of Falun Gong a "cult," were identified as having breached the Criminal Code, which bans the wilful promotion of hatred against identifiable religious groups.[12]

China

The General Office of Ministry of Public Security of the government of China maintains a list of what it considers "evil cults," entitled "Information Regarding the Organizations Already Identified as Cults." Among the groups listed is Christian-based Eastern Lightning.[13] The followers of Watchman Nee (the Shouters) are said to be the first group put on the list, in 1983.[14] Other Christian-based groups on the list include: The Shouters 2 (Chinese Shouters), Established King, the Lord God Sect, the Lingling Sect, the All Scope Church, the South China Church, the Disciples Sect, the Three Ranks of Service, the Cold Water Sect, the Commune Sect, the New Testiment Church, the Resurrection Sect, the Dami Evangelism Association, and the World Elijah Evangelism Association.[15] In 2001, Falun Gong was added to the list.[16]

Duitsland (Germany)

Berlin Senate report (1997)

An official report of a Senate Committee of the city and state of Berlin in Germany listed and discussed cults (Sjabloon:Lang-de), emphasizing with its sub-title their categorization as "entities espousing a world view and new religions". The 1997 Berlin Senate report — entitled Cults: Risks and Side-effects: Information on selected new religious and world-view espousing Movements and Psycho-offerings[4] — subdivided "selected suppliers" (ausgewählte Anbieter) of its objects of interest as:

Sjabloon:Multicol

  • 7.1: Groups with a Christian background (Gruppen mit christlichem Hintergrund)
    • 7.1.1 Fiat Lux
    • 7.1.2 Parish on the Road Evangelical Free Church (registered association) (Gemeinde auf dem Weg Evangelische Freikirche e.V)
    • 7.1.3 Parish of Jesus Christ (registered association) Boston Church of Christ (Gemeinde Jesu Christi e.V. (Boston Church of Christ))
    • 7.1.4 Universal Life (Re-gathering of Jesus Christ) (Universelles Leben (Heimholungswerk Jesu Christi/HHW))
    • 7.1.5 Unification Church (Moon movement) (Vereinigungskirche (Mun-Bewegung))
  • 7.2 Groups with a pagan background (Gruppen mit heidnischem Hintergrund)
    • 7.2.1 Teutonic Belief Association (registered association) (Germanische Glaubengemeinschaft e.V. (GGG))
    • 7.2.2 Pagan Association (registered association) (Heidnische Gemeinschaft e.V. (HG))
  • 7.3 Groups with a Hinduistic background (Gruppen mit hinduistischem Hintergrund)

Sjabloon:Multicol-break

  • 7.4 Suppliers of Life-Help (Anbieter von Lebenshilfe)
    • commercial: (kommerziell:)
    • 7.4.1 The Circle of Friends of Bruno Gröning (Bruno Gröning-Freundeskreise)
    • 7.4.2 Context Seminar Company Limited (Kontext Seminar GmbH)
    • 7.4.3 Landmark Education (LE) (Landmark Education (LE))
    • 7.4.4 Art Reade
    • 7.4.5 Scientology
    • 7.4.6 The Natale Institute (TNI)
    • non-commercial: (nicht kommerziell:)
    • 7.4.7 Union for the Enhancement of the psychological Knowledge of Mankind (Verein zur Förderung der psychologischen Menschenkenntnis (VPM))
  • 7.5 Occultism/Satanism (Okkultismus/Satanismus)
  • 7.6 So-called Multi-level Marketers (Sogenannte Strukturvertriebe)

Sjabloon:Multicol-end

Frankrijk

Sjabloon:Details3

In 1995, a parliamentary commission of the National Assembly of France on cults produced its report[6] (in French: compare an unofficial English translation). The report included a list of purported cults compiled by the general information division of the French National Police (Renseignements généraux — a French police service) in association with cult-watching groups.

In May 2005 the then Prime Minister of France, in a circulaire,[17] which stressed that the government must exercise vigilance concerning the cult phenomenon,[17] said that the list of movements attached to the Parliamentary Report of 1995 had become less pertinent, based on the observation that many small groups had formed: scattered, more mobile, and less-easily identifiable,[17] and that the government needed to balance its concern with cults with respect for public freedoms and laïcité (secularism).[17] Subsequent French parliamentary commissions on cults reported on specific aspects of cult activity in 1999[18] and in 2006.[19]

French parliamentary commission report (1995)

Opinion in France varies as to the applicability of the 1995 Parliamentary report. A provincial court case noted that all such Parliamentary reports have no juridical impact.[20] And as stated above, a Prime Ministerial circulaire warned that name-changes had reduced the usefulness of this particular Parliamentary report.[17]


Sjabloon:Col-1-of-2

Sjabloon:Col-2-of-2

French parliamentary commission report (1999)

The French Parliamentary report of 1999 on cults and money[22] concentrated its attention on some 30 groups which it judged as major players in respect of their financial influence.[23] It underlined the non-exhaustive character of its investigations, seeing them as a snapshot at a point in time and based on informatiion available.[24]

The groups examined included:[22][23]

Oostenrijk

Beginning in 2011, the United States Department of State's International Religious Freedom Report, as released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor no longer distinguishes sects in Austria as a separate group. Rather, religious groups are divided into three legal categories: officially recognized religious societies, religious confessional communities, and associations.[25] In the most recent year for which sects were officially recognized in Austria, the groups included the Church of Scientology, the Unification Church, the Divine Light Mission, Eckankar, Hare Krishna, Osho movement, Sahaja Yoga, Sai Baba, Sri Chinmoy, Transcendental Meditation, Fiat Lux, Universal Life, and The Family.[26]

Rusland

In 2008 the Russian Interior Ministry prepared a list of "extremist groups." At the top of the list were Islamic groups outside of "traditional Islam," which is supervised by the Russian government. Next listed were "Pagan cults".[27] In 2009 the Russian Ministry of Justice created a council which it named "Council of Experts Conducting State Religious Studies Expert Analysis." The new council listed 80 large sects which it considered potentially dangerous to Russian society, and mentioned that there were thousands of smaller ones. Large sects listed included: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jehovah's Witnesses, and what were called "neo-Pentecostals." [28]

Verenigde Staten

Committee on Government Reform (August 1999)

Suspect Organizations and Individuals Possessing Long-Range Fifty Caliber Sniper Weapons

A report to the United States House of Representatives, Section VI is entitled "Montana Doomsday Religious Cult - "Church Universal and Triumphant".

Project Megiddo (October 1999)

Sjabloon:Details

Project Megiddo consisted of an FBI analysis, with a report released on October 20, 1999.[30] The report warned against: "the potential for extremist criminal activity in the United States by individuals or domestic groups who attach special significance to the year 2000."[30] Its analysis focused on apocalyptic religious groups, doomsday cults and (New World Order) conspiracy theories.

The report discussed the potential for violence in groups that it called "biblically-driven cults"[31] The report warned that "less time spent on Bible study and more time spent on physical training - indicate that the cult may be preparing for some type of action."[30] Groups singled out and analyzed in the report under the heading "Apocalyptic Cults" included the Branch Davidians, the Concerned Christians, and Law Revue.[30] The International Asatru-Odinic Alliance accused the FBI of violating its First Amendment rights to freedom of religion, free speech, and peaceful assembly. The reason given for this accusation was the propagation of "numerous false statements and innuendos" about Odinism in the Project Megiddo report.[32]

Assessing the Threat (December 1999)

On December 15, 1999 the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction presented a report called Assessing the Threat to the President of the United States and to the United States Congress. The report discusses the 1984 contamination of salad bars in Oregon by the Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh group, and the Aum Shinrikyo Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway of 1995. Both groups are referred to as cults in the report.[8]

Controversen

Frankrijk

The criteria chosen by the French Renseignements généraux to establish the potential dangers of a movement were criticized since they were considered vague and may include many organizations, religious or not. One of the first criticisms came from bishop Jean Vernette, the national secretary of the French episcopate to the study of cults and new religious movements, who stressed that these criteria can be applied to almost all religions. Moreover, sociologists such as Bruno Étienne emphasized that the mental manipulation should not be defined by the policemen of the Renseignements généraux.[33] The list of cults was based on the criteria defined by the Renseignements généraux, but without specifying which of their practices are specifically criticized. In addition, the secrecy of the work made by the RG led to questions about the presence or absence of certain organizations in the list. Étienne questioned the presence of the CEDIPAC SA company, formerly known as European Grouping of Marketing Professionals (GEPM), as its activity is not in the religious field.[34] The absence of Opus Dei or the Freemasons also raised questions.[35][36] In 2007, Yves Bertrand, General Director of the Renseignements généraux from 1992 to 2003, spoke about his collaborative work with the parliamentary reports on cults, and said: "Alongside genuine and dangerous cults practicing removal of school, abuse of weakness or pedophilia, some groups have been a bit quickly dress up of the word cult".[37] Furthermore, on 27 May 2005, the 1995 list of cults of the French report was officially cancelled and invalidated by Jean-Pierre Raffarin's circulaire.[38]

In France, Antoinism was classified as a cult in the 1995 parliamentary reports which considered it one of the oldest healer groups.[39] However, in a 1984 letter, the French Minister of the Interior wrote that the movement was considered, from an administrative point of view, as having for exclusive purpose the exercise of a religion, thus complying with the 18th and 19th Articles of the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. He added that antoinism had always been allowed to receive bequests or donations, which meant that its religious nature was never challenged.[40] In addition, many anti-cults activists, associations or watchers said they had not noticed cultic deviances in this group. For example, when heard by the Belgian commission on cults, philosopher Luc Nefontaine said that "the establishment of a directory of cult movements (...) seems to him dangerous, because it would also give a bad image of quite honourable organizations such as (...) Antoinism".[41] Eric Brasseur, director of Centre for information and advice on harmful cultish organizations (Centre d'information et d'avis sur les organisations sectaires nuisibles, or CIAOSN) said: "This is a Belgian worship for which we have never had a complaint in 12 years, a rare case to report".[42] Similarly, in 2013, the Interministerial Mission for Monitoring and Combatting Cultic Deviances (Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives sectaires, or MIVILUDES) made this comment: "We have never received reporting from Antoinists. They heal through prayer, but as long as they do not prevent people from getting proper treatment by legal means..." In addition, the Renseignements généraux stopped monitoring the religion given the absence of any problem.[43] In 2002, the national service "Pastoral, sects and new beliefs" ("Pastorale, sectes et nouvelles croyances"), which analyses new religious movements from a catholic point of view, wrote about Antoinism: "Although listed among the cults in the 1995 Parliamentary Report, it has no cultish feature."[44] Similarly, the French sociologist Régis Dericquebourg, who deeply studied the religion, concluded that Antoinism is not a cult: it "has no totalitarian influence on its members, and do not dictate their behaviour to get in the world; it is not exclusive [and] shows no hostility towards social systems".[45]

In France, the 1995 parliamentary report listed the Shri Ram Chandra Mission. This has been criticized by lawyer Lawrence Hincker, who said that "this system of meditation, called Sahaj Marg, does not lead to a life away from the world. It integrates all aspects of man, whether physical, mental or spiritual, without charge or austerity or penance or self-negation".[46] According to the sociologist Bruno Étienne, an expert on religious issues, the SRCM publishes books as any other group but does not proselytize, and has never been convicted: "To us, it is fully a NMR (new religious movement), modern religious group, although based on an ancient tradition, and subject to serious arguments advanced by others more knowledgeable, we do not understand why it is criticized on the list of the damned".[47] Raphaël Liogier, Director of the Observatory of religious and university professor at the Institut d'Études Politiques in Aix-en-Provence, said he did not understand the inclusion on the cult list of an association that is fully recognized in India.[48]

Zie ook

Verwijzingen

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Richardson, James T. and Introvigne, Massimo (2001). ‘Brainwashing’ Theories in European Parliamentary and Administrative Reports on ‘Cults’ and ‘Sects’. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40 (2): 143–168. DOI:10.1111/0021-8294.00046.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Robbins, Thomas (2002). Combating ‘Cults’ and ‘Brainwashing’ in the United States and Europe: A Comment on Richardson and Introvigne’s Report. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40 (2): 169–76. DOI:10.1111/0021-8294.00047.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Enquête Parlementaire visant à élaborer une politique en vue de lutter contre les practiques illégales des sectes et le danger qu'elles représentent pour la société et pour les personnes, particulièrement les mineurs d'âge. Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'enquête par MM. Duquesne et Willems. Partie II. [Parliamentary Inquiry with the aim of detailing a policy for combating the illegal practices of cults and the danger they represent for society and for people, especially minors. Report made in the name of the Commission of Inquiry by Messieurs Duquesne and Willems. Part 2.] available online -- bilingual report in French and Flemish, retrieved 2007-01-08.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Rũhle (ed.), Anne, Ina Kunst, "Sekten": Risiken und Nebenwirkungen: Informationen zu ausgewählten neuen religiõsen und weltanschaulichen Bewegungen und Psychoangeboten. [Cults: Risks and Side-effects. Information on selected new religious and world-view Movements and Psycho-offerings], 2nd (German), Senatsverwaltung für Schule, Jugend and Sport. [Senate Administration for School, Youth and Sport] [1994] (December 1997). Opgehaald op 2007-02-06
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 "Doomsday Religious Movements", PERSPECTIVES, a Canadian Security Intelligence Service publication, Report # 2000/03, December 18, 1999. available online, last updated November 1, 2000.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 French report, 1995, English translation, National Assembly of France, Parliamentary Commission report.
  7. º International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Austria, uitgegeven door het Bureau van Democratie, Mensenrechten en Werk (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor), United States Department of State.
    „The vast majority of groups termed ‘sects’ by the Government were small organizations with fewer than 100 members. Among the larger groups was the Church of Scientology, with between 5,000 and 6,000 members, and the Unification Church, with approximately 700 adherents throughout the country. Other groups found in the country included Divine Light Mission, Eckankar, Hare Krishna, the Holosophic community, the Osho movement, Sahaja Yoga, Sai Baba, Sri Chinmoy, Transcendental Meditation, Landmark Education, the Center for Experimental Society Formation, Fiat Lux, Universal Life, and The Family.”
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction, Assessing The Threat: First Annual Report to The President and The Congress of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction (PDF), DIANE Publishing (December 15, 1999), p. 18, 24, 26, 28, 38, 40, 46–51
  9. º Hon. S. B. MUTCH. "Kenja Cult", Parliament of New South Wales, transcript, www.parliament.nsw.gov.au, November 24, 1992. Geraadpleegd op 2008-08-10.
  10. º Fautré, Willy (2002). The Sect Issue in France and in Belgium (PDF). Human Rights Without Frontiers Int.. Geraadpleegd op 2007-01-23.
  11. º Human Rights Without Frontiers International: Human Rights in Belgium Annual Report (Events in 2005).
  12. º Edmonton Police Report of Wilful Promotion of Hatred by Chinese Consular Officials against Falun Gong, Appendix 8 to "Bloody Harvest: Revised Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China," By David Matas, Esq. and Hon. David Kilgour, Esq.
  13. º Jason Kindopp, Carol Lee Hamrin (editors), God and Caesar in China, Brookings Institution Press, 2004, ISBN 0815749368, page 73
  14. º Daniel H. Bays, A New History of Christianity in China, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012, ISBN 9781405159548
  15. º Fenggang Yang, Religion in China: Survival and Revival under Communist Rule, 2011, Oxford University Press, ISBN13: 9780199735648, pages 102-195
  16. º US Commission on International Religious Freedom, 2001, US GPO, page 28
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 17,4 Raffarin, Jean-Pierre (2005-06-01). Circulaire du 27 mai 2005 relative à la lutte contre les dérives sectaires (in French). JORF n°126 du 1 juin 2005 page 9751 texte n° 8 pp. 9751. République Française. Geraadpleegd op 2007-07-26.
  18. º ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE (1999-06-10). Les sectes et l'argent [Cults and money] (in French). République Française. Geraadpleegd op 3007-07-26.
  19. º Fenech, Georges (2006-06-21). RAPPORT FAIT AU NOM DE LA COMMISSION DES LOIS CONSTITUTIONNELLES, DE LA LÉGISLATION ET DE L'ADMINISTRATION GÉNÉRALE DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE SUR LA PROPOSITION DE RÉSOLUTION (n° 3107) DE M. VUILQUE ET PLUSIEURS DE SES COLLÈGUES tendant à la création d'une commission d'enquête relative à l'influence des mouvements à caractère sectaire et aux conséquences de leurs pratiques sur la santé physique et mentale des mineurs (in French). République Française. Geraadpleegd op 2008-07-26.
  20. º TRIBUNAL ADMINISTRATIF DE CAEN N° 0500913 (in French) (PDF). Le Tribunal administratif de Caen, (1er Chambre) (2007). Geraadpleegd op 2008-07-26.
  21. º Cults, Religion & Violence 2002 ISBN 05216689805 Sjabloon:Please check ISBN, (Listed as "Dangerous" by the French Parliamentary Commission (1996), also defined as "enemies of the state" in Greece, 1993).
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Assemblée Nationale (1999-06-10). Les sectes et l'argent [Cults and money] (in French). République Française. Geraadpleegd op 2009-04-20.
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Assemblée Nationale (1999-06-10). Les sectes et l'argent - Annexes (Cults and money - Appendices) (in French). République Française. Geraadpleegd op 2009-04-20.
  24. º Assemblée Nationale (1999-06-10). Les sectes et l'argent - Annexes (Cults and money - Appendices) (in French). République Française. Geraadpleegd op 2009-04-20.
  25. º International Religious Freedom Report for 2012. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Geraadpleegd op 2013-09-03.
  26. º Austria. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2011-09-13). Geraadpleegd op 2013-09-03.
  27. º The new nobility : the restoration of Russia's security state and the enduring legacy of the KGB, Author: Andreĭ Soldatov; I Borogan, Publisher: New York, NY : PublicAffairs, ©2010. pages 65-66
  28. º Persecuted: The Global Assault on Christians (Google eBook), Paul Marshall, 2013, Thomas Nelson Inc
  29. º Suspect Organizations and Individuals Possessing Long-Range Fifty Caliber Sniper Weapons, United States House of Representatives, Committee on Government Reform, August 17, 1999., VI: Additional Cases: "Montana Doomsday Religious Cult - "Church Universal and Triumphant", Page 8.

    The GAO investigators found a 1989 case in Montana in which members of a "doomsday religious cult" had stockpiled many weapons, including several fifty caliber weapons. The cult is called the "Church Universal and Triumphant" (C.U.T.), and its leader is Elizabeth Clare Prophet. The cult was in the process of building underground bunkers to prepare for the end of the world. This investigation began because Ms. Prophet's and another cult member used birth certificates of deceased individuals to obtain driver's licenses so that they could purchase and stockpile weapons.
    In an ATF crackdown, agents found that the cult members had illegally acquired hundreds of weapons and thousands of rounds of ammunition. Among this stockpile was ten semi-automatic fifty caliber weapons purchased with false identifications. The cult members were convicted of illegally purchasing firearms. According to GAO, Ms. Prophet continues to lead the cult and was not charged in connection with these offenses.
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 Project Megiddo, FBI Strategic Assessment, October 20, 1999, retrieved 2007-07-03
  31. º Project Megiddo (PDF) pp. 4. FBI. Geraadpleegd op 2008-10-13.
  32. º IAOA news release
  33. º Étienne, Bruno, Les sectes en France (French). Hachette littératures, 2002
  34. º Étienne, Bruno, Les sectes en France (French). Hachette littératures, 2002
  35. º Étienne, Bruno, Les sectes en France (French). Hachette littératures, 2002
  36. º Raphaël Verrier (February 2001). La loi anti-secte : remède empoisonné d'un mal imaginaire (in French). Les mots sont importants. Geraadpleegd op 9 September 2009.
  37. º Bertrand, Yves, Je ne sais rien mais je dirai (presque) tout (French). Plon, 1997
  38. º (23 June 2005)La fin des listes noires. Le Point. Geraadpleegd op 10 September 2010.
  39. º Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'enquête sur les sectes — "Les sectes en France" (in French). Assemblée Nationale (1995). Geraadpleegd op 10 September 2010.
  40. º Kounkou, Dominique, “Chapitre 2: Les enfants dans la tourmente "sectaire"”, La religion, une anomalie républicaine? (French). L'Harmattan, 2003
  41. º Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'Enquête par MM. Duquesne et Willems (partie I) (in French) (pdf). Chambre des Représentants de Belgique (1997). Geraadpleegd op 10 September 2010.
  42. º Taminiaux, Déborah (1er novembre 2012). L'antoinisme, seul mouvement religieux né en Belgique. La Libre Belgique. Geraadpleegd op 5 November 2012.
  43. º Mourez, Justin (23 mars 2013). Faut-il se méfier des fidèles du Culte Antoiniste ?. Le Progrès.
  44. º Pastorale, sectes et nouvelles croyances (octobre 2002). L'Antoinisme (in French). troumad. Geraadpleegd op 6 September 2012.
  45. º Dericquebourg, Régis, Les Antoinistes (French). Brépols, 1993
  46. º Hincker, Laurent, Sectes, rumeurs et tribunaux (French). La nuée bleue, 2003
  47. º Étienne, Bruno, La France face aux sectes (French)
  48. º Transcription intégrale de l'interview de Raphaël Liogier (in French). Centre d'Information et de Conseil des Nouvelles Spiritualités (May 2006). Geraadpleegd op 4 August 2010.
rel=nofollow

Further reading

Sjabloon:New Religious Movements, Cults, and Sects

Overgenomen van "https://nl.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Lijsten_van_vermeende_sekten&oldid=139945"