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Lijsten van vermeende sekten: verschil tussen versies

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(https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lijst_van_vermeende_sekten&oldid=40868559 Andries 14 jul 2005)
 
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governmental_lists_of_cults_and_sects&oldid=601799270)
Regel 1: Regel 1:
Dit is een lijst van groeperingen, organisaties of bewegingen die door bepaalde media of door een overheid betiteld zijn als een [[sekte]] (of anderstalige equivalenten, zoals ''cult'' in het Engels) in de laatste 50 jaar. Meningen van [[columnist]]en en geciteerde meningen in het artikel zijn niet voldoende voor vermelding in deze lijst.
<!--
Groups appear listed alphabetically by country, with the date of their appearance in the respective government report noted in the section header.
-->
The application of the labels (cults or sects) to [[new religious movement|religious movements]] in government documents usually signifies the popular and negative use of the term "cult" in [[English (language)|English]] and a functionally similar use of words translated as "sect" in several European languages.<ref name = "Richardson01">{{cite journal | author = [[James T. Richardson|Richardson, James T.]] and [[Massimo Introvigne|Introvigne, Massimo]] | year = 2001 | title = 'Brainwashing' Theories in European Parliamentary and Administrative Reports on 'Cults' and 'Sects'  | journal = Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–168 | doi=10.1111/0021-8294.00046}}</ref><ref name="Robbins02">{{cite journal | author = [[Thomas Robbins (sociologist)|Robbins, Thomas]] | year = 2002 | title = Combating 'Cults' and 'Brainwashing' in the United States and Europe: A Comment on Richardson and Introvigne's Report | journal = Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 169–76 | doi=10.1111/0021-8294.00047}}</ref> Government reports which have used these words include those from Austria,<ref name="unhcr">[[s:International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Austria|International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Austria]], released by the [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]], [[United States Department of State]].<br>"The vast majority of groups termed "sects" by the Government were small organizations with fewer than 100 members. Among the larger groups was the Church of Scientology, with between 5,000 and 6,000 members, and the Unification Church, with approximately 700 adherents throughout the country. Other groups found in the country included Divine Light Mission, Eckankar, Hare Krishna, the Holosophic community, the [[Osho movement]], Sahaja Yoga, Sai Baba, Sri Chinmoy, Transcendental Meditation, Landmark Education, the Center for Experimental Society Formation, Fiat Lux, Universal Life, and The Family."</ref> Belgium,<ref name="belgium1997" /> Canada,<ref name="canadianintelligence" /> France<ref name="france1995" /> (in 1995), Germany,<ref name="germany1997" /> and the United States.<ref name="assessing" />  While these documents utilize similar terminology they do not necessarily include the same groups nor is their assessment of these groups based on agreed criteria.<ref name="Richardson01" /><ref name="Robbins02" /> Other governments and world bodies also report on new religious movements but do not use these terms to describe them.<ref name = "Richardson01" />
 
== Australia ==
Within Australia, the [[Parliament of New South Wales]] referred to [[Kenja Communication]] as a cult on November 24, 1992.<ref>{{cite news  | last =Hon. S. B. MUTCH  | title =Kenja Cult  | work =[[Parliament of New South Wales]], transcript  | publisher =www.parliament.nsw.gov.au  | date =November 24, 1992  | url =http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansArt.nsf/V3Key/LC19921124035  | accessdate =2008-08-10  }}</ref>
 
==Austria==
Beginning in 2011, the [[United States Department of State]]'s ''International Religious Freedom Report'', as released by the [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] no longer distinguishes sects in Austria as a separate group. Rather, religious groups are divided into three legal categories: officially recognized religious societies, religious confessional communities, and associations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=208288 |title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2012 |publisher=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] |accessdate=2013-09-03}}</ref> In the most recent year for which sects were officially recognized in Austria, the groups included the [[Church of Scientology]], the [[Unification Church]], the [[Divine Light Mission]], [[Eckankar]], [[ISKCON|Hare Krishna]], [[Osho-Rajneesh movement|Osho movement]], [[Sahaja Yoga]], [[Sathya Sai Baba|Sai Baba]], [[Sri Chinmoy]], [[Transcendental Meditation]], [[Uriella|Fiat Lux]], [[Universal Life]], and [[Family International|The Family]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010_5/168294.htm |title=Austria |publisher=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] |date=2011-09-13 |accessdate=2013-09-03}}</ref>
 
== Belgium ==
 
=== Parliamentary Inquiry Commission (1997) ===
 
The Justice Commission of the Belgian [[Belgian Chamber of People's Representatives|House of Representatives]] set up a parliamentary inquiry commission to work out a policy concerning cults. On April 28, 1997, the parliamentary commission issued its 670-page report<ref name="belgium1997">''Enquête Parlementaire visant à élaborer une politique en vue de lutter contre les practiques illégales des sectes et le danger qu'elles représentent pour la société et pour les personnes, particulièrement les mineurs d'âge. Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'enquête par MM. Duquesne et Willems. Partie II.'' [Parliamentary Inquiry with the aim of detailing a policy for combating the illegal practices of cults and the danger they represent for society and for people, especially minors. Report made in the name of the Commission of Inquiry by Messieurs Duquesne and Willems. Part 2.] [http://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/pdf/49/0313/49K0313008.pdf available online] -- bilingual report in French and Flemish, retrieved 2007-01-08.</ref> that contained a list of 189 movements, and stated that "[t]he fact that a movement is listed here, even if at the instigation of an official instance, does not signify that the Commission regards it as a cult". The parliament failed to adopt the report as such and only voted to accept the conclusions and recommendations (19 pages), and not the list. Despite the lack of adoption of the list, the commission published the whole report, including the list.<ref name="fautre">{{cite web |url=http://www.willyfautre.org/publications/2002/heidelberg.pdf |title=The Sect Issue in France and in Belgium| author=  Fautré, Willy |publisher= Human Rights Without Frontiers Int.|accessdate=2007-01-23|year=2002|format=PDF}}</ref>  According to Human Rights Without Frontiers International, a Brussels Appeals Court in 2005 condemned the Belgian House of Representatives on the grounds that it had damaged the image of an organization (the Universal Church of God's Kingdom) listed in the 1997 parliamentary inquiry commission on sects.<ref>[http://www.hrwf.net/belgium/belgium_project.html Human Rights Without Frontiers International: Human Rights in Belgium] Annual Report (Events in 2005).</ref>
 
The Belgian list of groups (French-language naming or primary naming, with numbering as in the original document):
{{Multicol}}
* 1. Aba Vangh
* 2. Abrasax (Institut)
* 3. Action Évangelique de Pentecôte (AEP) [Evangelical Action of Pentecost]
* 4. [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Adventistes du 7e Jour]] [Seventh-day Adventists]
* 5. [[Amish]]
* 6. [[Ananda Marga]]
* 7. Ange Albert (Glaube und Hoffnung) [Angel Albert (Belief and Hope)]
* 8. [[Anthroposophy|Anthroposophie]] (Société Anthroposophique en Belgique) [Anthroposophy (Anthroposophical Society in Belgium)]
* 9. [[Antoinism]]e (culte antoiniste)
* 10. [[Aum Shinrikyo|Aoum]] [Aum Shinrikyo]
* 11. Assemblée Viens et Vois [Come and See Assembly]
* 12. [[Assemblies of God|Assemblées de Dieu]] [Assemblies of God]
* 13. Association Centre Saint-Michel A.S.B.L. [Saint Michael Centre Association ([[Association without lucrative purpose|asbl]])]
* 14. [[Unification Church|Association (du Saint-Esprit) pour l'Unification du Christianisme mondial]] (Moon) [The Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (Sun Myung Moon)]
* 15. Association Égoïque [Ego Association]
* 16. [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Association Internationale pour la Conscience de Krishna]] (AICK ou ISKCON) [International Society for Krishna Consciousness or ISKCON)]
* 17. [[Quan Yin Method|Association Maître Supreme Ching Hai]] [Association of the Supreme Master [[Ching Hai]]]
* 18. Atlantide ou Ambassade de la Paix [Atlantid or Embassy of Peace]
* 19. Au Cœur de la Communication (ACC) [At the Heart of Communication]
* 20. Auram
* 21. Axe Holistique [Holistic Axis]
* 22. [[Bahá'í Faith|Baha'ie]] (La Foi Mondiale) [Bahá'í (the World Faith)]
* 23. Ban Thai Laos
* 24. Bhagwan (ou mouvement Neo Samyas) [Bhagwan (or Neo Samyas movement)]
* 25. [[Brahma Kumaris]]
* 26. Broeder Gregorius [Brother Gregory]
* 27. Caillou (La communauté du) ou les «Jeudis du Caillou» ou «La Communauté de la Cité»
* 28. Calvary Christian Center
* 29. Capital Worship Center
* 30. Église céleste du Christ ou Église du Christianisme céleste [Celestial Church of Christ]
* 31. Centre Paradigme [Paradigm Center]
* 32. Centrum «De Reiziger» ["De Reiziger" Center]
* 33. Chevaliers du Lotus d'Or (Mandarom) (Association du Vajra triomphant) [Knights of the Golden Lotus ([[Mandarom]]) (Triumphant [[Vajra]] Association)]
* 34. Christian Church
* 35. [[Church Universal and Triumphant]]
* 36. Clier A.S.B.L. [Clier [[Association without lucrative purpose|asbl]]]
* 37. Compagnie Chevaleresque de Saint-Michel [Knightly Association of Saint Michael]
* 38. [[League for Catholic Counter-Reformation|Contre-Reforme Catholique (ligue de)]] [The League for Catholic Counter-Reformation (CRC)]
* 39. CORAEN (Centrum voor de Opsporing, Registratie en Analyse van Elfennesten)
* Cor Unum (see Ordre du Divin Sacré Coeur)
* 40. Coven Thot [Thot Coven]
* 41. Cristal A.S.B.L.[Crystal [[Association without lucrative purpose|asbl]]]
* 42. De Ark [The Ark]
* 43. De Geestelijke Kracht [Spiritual Power]
* 44. De Groep (un psychologue) [The group (a psychologist)]
* 45. Deva-Light
* 46. Dynarsis Institute
* 47. EBS – De Werter Loge
* 48. ECK ([[Energo-Chromo-Kinese]]) ou Énergo 8 internationale [ECK (Energo-chromo-kinetics) or Energo 8 International]
* 49. École de Philosophie [School of Philosophy]
* 50. Ecoovie
* 51. Église Catholique Apostolique Gallicane Traditionnelle [Traditional Gallican Apostolic Catholic Church]
* 52. Église de Jésus-Christ des Saints des Derniers Jours ([[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] or Mormons)
* 53. Église de la Pentecôte Bethel [Church of the Bethel Pentecost]
* 54. Église de Scientologie <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Church of Scientology]]
* 55. Église du Christ de Bruxelles (dépendant de l'Eglise du Christ de Boston) [Brussels Church of Christ (subsidiary of the [[Boston Church of Christ]] ]
* 56. Église Évangélique Libre [Free Evangelical Church]
* 57. Église Gnostique Lucifer Christ [Lucifer Christ Gnostic Church]
* 58. Église Internationale du Christ <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Churches of Christ]]]
* 59. Église Jésus-Christ de Vérité [Jesus Christ Church of Truth]
* 60. Église Néoapostolique <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[New Apostolic Church]]]
* 61. Église Universelle de Dieu (Eglise Mondiale du Christ) [Universal Church of God (Worldwide Church of Christ)]
* 62. Église Universelle du Royaume de Dieu [Universal Church of the Kingdom of God]
* 63. Élégance Continentale [Continental Elegance]
* 64. Elewout Centrum [Elewout Center]
* 65. [[The Template Network|Emin Foundation]] (originally "Church of Eminent Way")
* 66. Énergie Humaine et Universelle (HUE): Institut Européen de Recherche de l'Énergie Humaine et Universelle IEREHU) [Human and Universal Energy (HUE): European Research Institute for Human and Universal Energy IEREHU]
* 67. Evangelische Christenen [Evangelical Christians]
* 68. Éveil de la Conscience [Waking of the Conscience]
* 69. Ex Deo Nascimur [From God we are born]
* 70. Fédération et Union Spirites Belges [Belgian Spirits Federation and Union]
* 71. Fellowship Friends Renaissance
* 72. Filiation Solazaref
* 73. Fraternité Blanche Universelle (FBU) [ [[Universal White Brotherhood]]; compare [[Great White Brotherhood]] ]
* 74. Friends Of Edo (F of E)
* 75. Gemeente van Christus [Parish of Christ]
* 76. God's River Ministries
* 77. Groep ter Verering van de Wenende Madonna van Bohan [Group for Honoring the Weeping Madonna of Bohan]
* 78. Groupe de Recherche et de Fondation en Analyse Existentielle [Research and Training Group in Existential Analysis]
* 79. Het Gereformeerde Evangelisatie Centrum Essen [The Essen Reformed Evangelization Center]
* 80. Het Werk (L'Oeuvre) [The Work]
* 81. Het Zwarte Licht [The Black Light]
* 82. [[Horus (community)|Horus]]
* 83. Humana
* 84. I Am
* 85. Iatrosophie [Iatrosophy]
* 86. INDIP (Institut de développement et d'intégration de la personne) (centre primal) [INDIP (Institute for the Development and Integration of the personality) (primary centre)]
* 87. Insight Benelux (intermédiaire de Insight Educational Institute, en Californie) [Insight Benelux (associated with Insight Educational Institute, in California)]
* 88. Institut Gnostique d'Anthropologie (IGA) [Gnostic Institute of Anthropology (IGA)]
* 89. Institut Gurdjieff [The [[Gurdjieff]] Foundation]
* 90. Institut Yeuntenling A.S.B.L./Tibetaans Instituut V.Z.W. (Karma Sonam Gyamtso Ling)
{{Multicol-break}}
* 91. Ishtar
* 92. IVI (Invitation à la vie intense) [IVI ([[Invitation to Intense Life]])]
* 93. [[Jainism|Jain]] Association
* 94. [[Jiddu Krishnamurti|Jiddu Krisna Murti]]
* 95. Kapel van het Allerheiligste Sacrament [Chapel of the Most Holy Sacrament]
* 96. Katalys A.S.B.L. [Katalys [[Association without lucrative purpose|asbl]]]
* 97. Kreative Energie [Creative Energy]
* 98. [[Kripalu Yoga Fellowship|Kripalu Yoga]]
* 99. La Famille ou Association des communautés missionnaires chrétiennes indépendantes [ [[Family International|The Family]] or Association of Independent Christian Missionary Communities]
* 100. La Licorne de Jade [The Jade Unicorn]
* 101. La Lunaire [The Lunary]
* 102. La Paideutique
* 103. La Parole de Jésus [The Word of Jesus]
* 104. La Ramonette
* 105. La Voie de la Lumière [The Way of Light]
* 106. [[Landmark Education]]
* 107. Le Hêtre
* 108. Le Mantra d'Hasom [The Mantra of Hasom]
* 109. Le Patriarche [The Patriarch]
* 110. Le Rassemblement Europeen Ouvriers du Christ [The Workers of Christ European Rally]
* 111. Les Adorateurs du Nombril du Soleil [Worshippers of the Navel of the Sun]
* 112. Les Alchimistes [The Alchemists]
* 113. Les Amis de l'Homme (à l'origine «L'Ange de l'Eternel») [The [[Friends of Man]] (originally "The Angel of the Eternal")]
* 114. [[Plymouth Brethren|Les Assemblées des Frères Darbystes]]
* 115. Les Croix de la Nouvelle Babylone [The Crosses of the New Babylon]
* 116. Les Matsya A.S.B.L.
* 117. Loge Noire [Black Lodge]
* 118. Longo-Mai
* 119. Maitreya (BAHA)
* 120. Meditation Transcendentale <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Transcendental Meditation]]]
* 121. Messias Concern [Messiah Concern]
* 122. Miroir Solaire [Mirror of the Sun]
* 123. Mission d'Arès [Ares Mission]
* 124. Mouvement du Graal <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Grail Movement]]]
* 125. Mouvement Humaniste (Le Mouvement) <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Humanist Movement]] (The Movement)]
* 126. Mouvement Raëlien Belge [Belgian [[Raëlism|Raelian]] Movement]
* 127. Nació dos Muchachos [Nation of Guys]
* 128. Noire Eau [Black Water]
* 129. Nouvelle Acropole [New Acropolis]
* 130. Oasis of Mellie Uyldertstichting [Oasis of [[Mellie Uyldert]] Foundation]
* 131. [[Buddhism in France|Ogyen Kunzang Chöling (OKC)]]
* 132. Opstal
* 133. [[Opus Dei]]
* 134. Ordre de la Pleine Lune [Order of the Full Moon]
* 135. Ordre de la Rose-Croix [ [[Rosicrucianism|Order of the Rose Cross]] ]
* 136. Ordre des Chevaliers du Temple, du Christ et de Notre-Dame (OCTCND) ou Fraternité Johannite pour la résurgence templière [Order of Knights of the Temple, of Christ and of Our Lady (OCTCND) or Johannite Fraternity for [[Knights Templar|Templar]] Renewal]
* 137. Ordre du Divin Sacré Cœur (Cor Unum) [Order of the Divine Sacred Heart (Cor Unum)]
* 138. Ordre du Temple Solaire <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Order of the Solar Temple]]]
* 139. Ordre Vert Druidique et de la Fraternité du Soleil Celtique [Druidic Green Order and Order of the Fraternity of the Celtic Sun]
* 140. OSMTH/OSMTJ (Ordre Souverain et Militaire du Temple de Jérusalem) [OSMTH/SMOTJ: [[Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem]]]
* 141. [[Paramahansa Yogananda]]
* 142. Payot Marie Blanche
* 143. Pere Samuel <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Father Samuel]]]
* 144. Pluk De Dag (Centrum der Duizend Zonnen) [Seize the Day (Centre of the Twelve Suns)]
* 145. Power
* 146. Quadratoquintillia
* 147. Religieus Genootschap der Vrienden Quakers <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Religious Society of Friends]] (Quakers)]
* 148. Renouveau Charismatique <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Charismatic Renewal]]]
* 149. [[Sahaja Yoga]]
* 150. Satansekte [Satan cults]
* 151. [[Sathya Sai Baba]]
* 152. Savoir pour Être [Know in order to Be]
* 153. Selfrealisation Fellowship [ [[Self-Realization Fellowship]] ]
* 154. Servanta
* 155. Shin Boedhisme (Jodo Shinso) [Shin Buddhism [[Jodo Shinshu]])]
* 156. [[Shri Ram Chandra Mission]]
* 157. Siddha Shiva Yoga <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Siddha Yoga]]]
* 158. Sierra 21
* 159. Sint Egidiusgemeenschap [Community of Sant'Egidio | The Community of Saint Giles]
* 160. Soefi Beweging [ [[Sufism|Sufi movement]] ]
* 161. [[Sōka Gakkai|Soka Gakkai]]
* 162. Ster van David (Huis Maria van Bethlehem) [Star of David (Mary of Bethlehem House)]
* 163. Stromen van Kracht [Streams of Power]
* 164. [[Sukyo Mahikari|Sûkyô Mahikari]]
* 165. [[The Summit Lighthouse|Summit Light House]]
* 166. Sunnatarem Belgium Natural Dubdist Meditation Center
* 167. Szatmar
* 168. [[T'ai chi ch'uan|T'ai chi]]
* 169. [[Taoist yoga|Tao Yoga]]
* 170. Teblig
* 171. Témoins de Jehovah [ [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] ]
* 172. Terre d'Enneille
* 173. The [[Elijah Muhammad]] Foundation
* 174. Theosofie V.Z.W. (Geüniëerde loge van Theosofen) [ [[Theosophy]] [[Asbl|non-profit organization]] (United Lodge of Theosophists)]
* 175. [[Theravada]]
* 176. Trans-Mutations
* 177. Trois Saints Cœurs [The Three Holy Hearts]
* 178. Vahali (I Am)
* 179. Thérapeute Yvo Van Orshoven (A.S.B.L. Esse) [The therapist Yvo Van Orshoven (Esse non-profit organisation)]
* 180. Verbond van Vlaamse Pinkstergemeenten [Union of Flemish [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] Churches]
* 181. Vibration Cœur [Vibrating Heart]
* 182. Vrij Evangelische Kerkgemeente [Free Evangelical Church Community]
* 183. Wat Asokaran [Wat Asokaram]
* 184. World Federation For Spiritual Healing
* 185. [[Young Women's Christian Association]] (YWCA)
* 186. YSS [ [[Yogoda Satsanga Society of India]] ]
* 187. [[Zen]]
* 188. Zida Yoga
* 189. Zwarte Madonna - Satanskerk [Black Madonna - Church of Satan]
{{Multicol-end}}
 
== Canada ==
A [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]] report of 1999 discussed "Doomsday Religious Movements espousing hostile beliefs and having the potential to be violent.."  Groups classified as "[[Doomsday cult|Doomsday Religious Movements]]"  included:
 
* the [[Branch Davidians]]
* the Tin Yat lineage
* Canada's [[Order of the Solar Temple]]
* [[Aum Shinrikyo]] (called the "Aum cult")<ref name="canadianintelligence">"Doomsday Religious Movements", ''PERSPECTIVES'',
a [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]] publication, Report # 2000/03, December 18, 1999. [http://web.archive.org/web/20050213230826/http://www.csis-scrs.gc.ca/eng/miscdocs/200003_e.html available online], last updated November 1, 2000.</ref>
 
In 2005, the Hate Crimes Unit of the Edmonton Police Service confiscated anti-[[Falun Gong]] materials distributed at the annual conference of the [[American Family Foundation]] by staff members of the Calgary Chinese Consulate (Province of Alberta, Canada). The materials, including the calling of Falun Gong a "cult," were identified as having breached the Criminal Code, which bans the wilful promotion of hatred against identifiable religious groups.<ref>[http://organharvestinvestigation.net/ Edmonton Police Report of Wilful Promotion of Hatred by Chinese Consular Officials against Falun Gong], Appendix 8 to "Bloody Harvest: Revised Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China," By David Matas, Esq. and Hon. David Kilgour, Esq.</ref>
 
==China==
The General Office of Ministry of Public Security of the government of [[China]] maintains a list of what it considers "evil cults,"  entitled "Information Regarding the Organizations Already Identified as Cults."  Among the groups listed is Christian-based [[Eastern Lightning]].<ref>Jason Kindopp, Carol Lee Hamrin (editors), ''God and Caesar in China'', Brookings Institution Press, 2004, ISBN 0815749368, page 73</ref> The followers of [[Watchman Nee]] (the Shouters) are said to be the first group put on the list, in 1983.<ref>Daniel H. Bays, ''A New History of Christianity in China,'' Wiley-Blackwell, 2012, ISBN 9781405159548</ref> Other Christian-based groups on the list include:  The [[Shouters 2]] (Chinese Shouters), [[Established King]], the [[Lord God Sect]], the [[Lingling Sect]],  the [[All Scope Church]],  the [[South China Church]], the [[Disciples Sect]], the [[Three Ranks of Service]], the [[Cold Water Sect]], the [[Commune Sect]], the [[New Testiment Church]], the [[Resurrection Sect]], the [[Dami Evangelism Association]], and the [[World Elijah Evangelism Association]].<ref>Fenggang Yang, ''Religion in China: Survival and Revival under Communist Rule, 2011, [[Oxford University Press]], ISBN13: 9780199735648, pages 102-195</ref>  In 2001,  [[Falun Gong]] was added to the list.<ref>US Commission on International Religious Freedom, 2001, US GPO,  page 28</ref>
 
== France ==
 
{{details3|[[Religious freedom in France]], [[Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France]], [[MIVILUDES]]}}
 
In 1995, a parliamentary commission of the [[National Assembly of France]] on cults produced its [http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp report]<ref name="france1995">[http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp  French report, 1995], [http://cftf.com/french/Les_Sectes_en_France/cults.html English translation], [[National Assembly of France]], Parliamentary Commission report.</ref> (in French: compare an [http://cftf.com/french/Les_Sectes_en_France/cults.html unofficial English translation]). The report included a list of purported cults compiled by the general information division of the [[French National Police]] (''[[Renseignements généraux]]'' — a French police service) in association with cult-watching groups.
 
In May 2005 the then [[Prime Minister of France]], in a ''[[circulaire]]'',<ref name=circulaire>{{cite web|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000809117&dateTexte=|title= Circulaire du 27 mai 2005 relative à la lutte contre les dérives sectaires|accessdate= 2007-07-26|last= Raffarin |first= Jean-Pierre |authorlink= Jean-Pierre Raffarin|date= 2005-06-01|work= JORF n°126 du 1 juin 2005 page 9751 texte n° 8 |publisher= République Française|pages= 9751|language= French}}</ref>  which stressed that the government must exercise vigilance concerning the cult phenomenon,<ref name=circulaire /> said that the list of movements attached to the Parliamentary Report of 1995 had become less pertinent, based on the observation that many small groups had formed: scattered, more mobile, and less-easily identifiable,<ref name=circulaire /> and that the government needed to balance its concern with cults with respect for public freedoms and [[laïcité]] (secularism).<ref name=circulaire />  Subsequent French parliamentary commissions on cults reported on specific aspects of cult activity in 1999<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dossiers/sectes/sommaire.asp|title= Les sectes et l'argent [Cults and money]|accessdate= 3007-07-26| author= ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE|authorlink= National Assembly of France|coauthors= |date= 1999-06-10|publisher= République Française|language= French |quote= La typologie de 1995 garde toute sa pertinence [The 1995 analysis remains totally relevant]}}</ref> and in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/rapports/r3179.asp|title= RAPPORT FAIT AU NOM DE LA COMMISSION DES LOIS CONSTITUTIONNELLES, DE LA LÉGISLATION ET  DE L'ADMINISTRATION GÉNÉRALE DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE SUR LA PROPOSITION DE RÉSOLUTION (n° 3107) DE M. VUILQUE ET PLUSIEURS DE SES COLLÈGUES tendant à la création d'une commission d'enquête relative à l'influence des mouvements à caractère sectaire et aux conséquences de leurs pratiques sur la santé physique et mentale des mineurs
|accessdate= 2008-07-26|last= Fenech|first= Georges|authorlink= Georges Fenech|date= 2006-06-21 |work= |publisher= République Française|language= French|quote= }}</ref>
 
===French parliamentary commission report (1995)===
 
Opinion in France varies as to the applicability of the 1995 Parliamentary report. A provincial court case noted that all such Parliamentary reports have no juridical impact.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.coordiap.com/Document/sectes-liste-noire.pdf|title= TRIBUNAL ADMINISTRATIF DE CAEN N° 0500913|accessdate= 2008-07-26|year= 2007|format= PDF|work= |publisher= Le Tribunal administratif de Caen, (1er Chambre)|language= French|quote= ... un rapport établi par la commission d’enquête de l’Assemblée nationale classant les Témoins de Jehovah parmi les sectes, un tel rapport étant dépourvu de valeur Juridique ...}}</ref> And as stated above, a Prime Ministerial ''circulaire'' warned that name-changes had reduced the usefulness of this particular Parliamentary report.<ref name=circulaire />
 
{{Col-begin}}
 
{{Col-1-of-2}}
 
*[[ALPHA Cultural Association]] (''Association Culturelle ALPHA'') 1977
*[[AMPARA]]
*[[ANTHROPOS – Association for Research on the Holistic Development of Man]] (''ANTHROPOS - Association pour la recherche sur le développement holistique de l'homme'')
*[[Antoinism|Antoinist Worship]]  (''Culte Antoiniste'')
*[[The Twelve Tribes (New religious movement)|Apostolic Order – Therapeutic Healing Environment]] (''Ordre apostolique - Therapeutic healing environment'')
*[[ASPIRAL]]
*[[Association for Defence of Freedom of Expression in the French Institution (ADLEIF)]] (''Association de défense des libertés d'expression dans l'institution française (ADLEIF)'')
*[[Association for Promotion of the Industrial Arts (APPAI)]] (''Association pour la promotion des arts industrieux (APPAI)'')
*[[Association for the Research and Study of Survival (APRES)]] (''Association pour la recherche et l'étude de la survivance (APRES)'')
*[[Unification Church|Association for Unification of Christianity Worldwide]] (''Association pour l'unification du christianisme mondial'')
*[[Association of Meditation in France]] (''Association de méditation en France'')
*[[ATHANOR]]
*[[Azazel Institute Inc.]] (''AZAZEL INSTITUTE INC'')
*[[Be-Exist-Energetics]] (''Etre-Exister-Energètique'')
*[[Butcheries Community]] (''Communauté Les boucheries'')
*[[Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University]] (''Université spirituelle internationale des Brahma Kumaris'')<ref>
''Cults, Religion & Violence'' 2002 ISBN 05216689805 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Invalid length.}}, (Listed as "Dangerous" by the French Parliamentary Commission (1996), also defined as "enemies of the state" in Greece, 1993).
</ref>
*[[CEDIPAC SA]] (formerly GEPM) (''CEDIPAC [[S.A. (corporation)|SA]] (ex-GEPM)''
*[[Centre for Mahatayana Meditation]] (''Centre de méditation Mahatayana'')
*[[Centre for the Blossoming and Aid of Francis de Sales]] (''Centre d'épanouissement et aide François de Sales'')
*[[Centre of Dalmatie Therapy]] (''Centre de thérapie Dalmatie'')
*[[Centre of Gnostic Studies]] (''Centre d'Etudes Gnostiques'')
*[[Centre of Human Development]] (''Centre de développement humain'')
*[[Centre of the Djivana Prana Swan – Source of Life]] (''Centre du cygne Djivana Prana - Source de vie'')
*[[Christian Life in France – Centre of Christian Life]] (''Vie chrétienne en France - Centre de vie chrétienne'')
*[[Church of Paris]] (''L'Église à Paris'')
*[[Scientology|Church of Scientology of Paris]] (''Église de Scientologie de Paris'')
*[[Communion of Satonnay]] (''Communion de Satonnay'')
*[[Universal Life|Community for the propagation of the universal life]] (''Communauté pour la propagation de la vie universelle'')
*[[League for Catholic Counter-Reformation|Community of the Little Brothers and Little Sisters of the Sacred Heart]] (''Communauté des petits frères et des petites sœurs du Sacré-coeur'')
*[[Contact, Information and Resource Centre for the Prevention of Cancer]] (''Centre de documentation et d'information et de contact pour la prévention du cancer'')
*[[Cosmicia]]
*[[Cosmos - Intuition – Wings]] (''Cosmos - Intuition – Ailes'')
*[[Cross Ones of the New Babylon]] (''Les croisés de la nouvelle Babylone'')
*[[Cultural office of Cluny – National Federation of Total Animation]] (''Office culturel de Cluny - Fédération nationale d'animation globale'')
*[[Cultural Space Being Now (ECEM)]] ''(Espace culturel Etre maintenant (ECEM)'')
*[[Dakpo Shampa Kadgyu]]
*[[Domain of Ephesus]] (''Domaine d'Ephèse'')
*[[Eckankar|Eckankar France]] (''Eckankar France'')
*[[Eija]]
*[[El – Be Its Body]] (''El - Etre son corps'')
*[[Emissaries of the Divine Light]]
*[[Energy and Creation – Energy and Creativity]] (''Energie et création - Energie et créativité'')
*[[Energy world]] (''Energy world'')
*[[Evangelical Pentecostal Church of Besançon]] (''Eglise évangélique de Pentecôte de Besançon'')
*[[Faculty of Parapsychology]] (''Faculté de parapsychologie'')
*[[Family of Nazareth]] (''Famille de Nazareth'')
*[[Elan Vital (organization)|Foundation Elan vital]] (''Fondation Elan vital'')
*[[ISKCON|French Federation for Krishna Consciousness]] (''Fédération française pour la conscience de Krishna'')
*[[Raëlian Church|French Raëlian Movement]] (''Mouvement Raëlien français'')
*[[Friends of Mary – Poor Ones of Mary]] (''Les amis de Marie - Les pauvres de Marie'')
*[[Friends of the Glorious Cross of Dozule]] (''Amis de la croix glorieuse de Dozule'')
*[[Friends of the St. Andréas Brotherhood]] (''Les amis de la confrérie Saint-Andréas'')
*[[Gardens of Life]] (''Les jardins de la vie'')
*[[Gilded Light]] (''Lumière dorée'')
*[[Grail Movement|Grail Movement in France]] (''Mouvement du Graal en France'')
*[[Grand Lodge Sovereign International Magic and Theurgic, Egyptian Rite – Cagliostro]] (''Grande loge souveraine internationale magique et theurgique de rite égyptien - Cagliostro'')
*[[Haidyakhan Spiritual Association]] (''Association spirituelle d'Haiyakhan'')
*[[Hermitage of Christ of Peace]] (''Ermitage du Christ de la paix'')
*[[Holistic Harmony]] (''Harmonie holistique'')
*[[Holosophic Society of France]] (''Société holosophique de France'')
*[[House of John]] (''La maison de Jean'')
*[[Human and Universal Energy France – HUE France]] (''Energie humaine et universelle France - HUE France'')
*[[Tvind|Humana France – TVIND]] (''Humana France - TVIND'')
*[[Humanist Movement]] (''Mouvement humaniste'')
*[[Iesu no mitama kyokai (Church of the Holy Spirit of Jesus)]] (''Iesu no mitama kyokai (Eglise du Saint Esprit de Jésus)'')
*[[Imagine (religion)|Imagine]]
*[[Initiatory Circle of the Western Wicca Unicorn]] (''Cercle initiatique de la licorne Wicca occidentale'')
*[[Insight Seminars|Insight seminars – Innergy]]
*[[Institute of Holistic Sciences of the West]] (''Institut des sciences holistiques de l'Ouest'')
*[[Institute of Physical and Conscious Research]] (''Institut de recherche physique et conscience'')
*[[Institute of Psychoanalytic Research]] (''Institut de recherches psychanalytiques'')
*[[Transcendental Meditation|Institute of the Vedic Maharashi Science in Paris – C.P.M. – Club for Meditators ("Transcendental Meditation")]] (''Institut de science vedique maharishi Paris - C.P.M. - Club pour méditants ( " Méditation transcendentale " )'')
*[[International Center of Parapsychology and the Scientific Research of the New Age]] (''Centre international de parapsychologie et de recherche scientifique du Nouvel Age'')
*[[International Church of Christ|International Churches of Christ in France]] (''Eglises du Christ international en France'')
*[[International Division Communication]] (''Partage international communication'')
*[[Anopsology|International Federation for the Development of the Instinctive Feeding (FIDALI)]] (''Fédération internationale pour le développement de l'alimentation instinctive (FIDALI)'')
*[[International Society of the Analytical Trilogy]] (''Société internationale de trilogie analytique -sarl-'')
*[[The Way International|International Way]] (''La voie internationale'')
*[[Invitation to the Intense Life]] (''Invitation à la vie intense'')
*[[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (''Témoins de Jéhovah'')
*[[Key of the Universe]] (''Clé de l'univers'')
*[[Khristic Church of the New Jerusalem Order of Raolf, Arnold and Osmond]] (''Eglise Khristique de la Jérusalem Nouvelle ordre de Raolf, d'Arnold et d'Osmond'')
 
{{Col-2-of-2}}
 
*[[Knights of the Gold Lotus]] (''Chevaliers du Lotus d'or'')
*[[Knowing how to Change Now]] (''Savoir changer maintenant'')
*[[Kōfuku no Kagaku|Kofuku no kagaku (Institute for Research of Happiness of Man)]] (''Kofuku no kagaku (institut pour la recherche du bonheur de l'homme)'')
*[[Landmark Education|Landmark Education International]]/[[Werner Erhard and Associates|The Forum]] (''Landmark education international - Le forum'')
*[[Lectorium Rosicrucianum]] (Gold Rosicrucian Brotherhood) (''Lectorium rosicrucianum (Rose-Croix d'or)'')
*[[Leisure and Health - The Body Mirror]] (''Loisirs et santé - Le corps miroir'')
*[[Light of Maat]] (''Lumière du Maat'')
*[[Lucien J. Engelmajet Association]] (''Association Lucien J. Engelmajet'')
*[[MAEV]]
*[[Maha Shakti Mandir]]
*[[Mandala 33]]
*[[Mary's Arch]] (''Arche de Marie'')
*[[Methodical Ontology Culture and Tradition]] (''Ontologie méthodique culture et tradition'')
*[[Mission Swmi Atmananda Atma Bodha Satsanga]] (''Mission Swmi Atmananda Atma Bodha Satsanga'')
*[[Monastic Order of Avalon]] (''Ordre monastique d'Avallon'')
*[[Natale Institute]] (''Institut Frank Natale'')
*[[New Apostolic Church|Neo-Apostolic Church of France]] (''Eglise néo-apostolique de France'')
*[[New Acropolis|New Acropolis Association of France (ANAF)]] (''Association Nouvelle Acropole France (ANAF)'')
*[[New Era (religion)|New Era]] (''La nouvelle ère'')
*[[Notre Dame Fraternity]] (''Fraternité Notre Dame'')
*[[Ogyen Kunzang Chöling|Ogyen Kunzang Choling]]
*[[Order of Scientific Scribes and Initiatory Mysteries]] (''Ordonnance des scribes scientifiques et des mystères initiatiques'')
*[[Order of the Burning Grail]] (''Ordre du Graal ardent'')
*[[Order of the Knights of France and of the Holy Trinity]] (''Ordre des chevaliers de France et de la Trinité Sainte'')
*[[Order of the Lily and the Eagle]] (''Ordre du lys et de l'aigle'')
*[[Order of the Universal Temple]] (''Ordre du temple universel'')
*[[Ordo Templi Orientis]]
*[[Rajneesh|OSHO Information Centre]] (''Centre d'information OSHO'')
*[[Oxygen Comets – The Mill of the Sun]] (''Comètes oxygènes - Le moulin du soleil'')
*[[Oxyon 777 (ex-Harmonia)]] (''Oxyon 777 (ex-Harmonia)'')
*[[Paris Dharma Sah – Lotus Sangha of European Social Buddhism]] (''Paris Dharma Sah - Lotus Sangha of European social buddhism'')
*[[Philosopher of Nature]] (''Philosophe de la nature'')
*[[Philosophic Church of Lucifer]] (''Eglise philosophique Luciférienne'')
*[[Prelude to the Golden Age Club]] (''Club prélude à l'Age d'or'')
*[[Psychanimie Institute]] (''Institut de psychanimie'')
*[[Queen of Peace – Order of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and of Saint Louis de Montfort]] (''Reine de la paix - Ordre du coeur immaculé de Marie et de Saint [[Louis de Montfort]]'')
*[[Raphaël Centre of Psychic Applications]] (''Centre d'applications psychiques "Raphaël"'')
*[[Red Concept Limited]] (''Red concept limited'')
*[[Reiyukai]]
*[[Renovated Order of the Temple (ORT)]] (''Ordre rénové du Temple (ORT)'')
*[[Revelation of the 7th Hour]] (''Révélation de la 7ème heure'')
*[[Right of Survival Association]] (''Association Le Droit de survie'')
*[[Rosicrucians]]
*[[Saint Bani]] (''Saint Bani'')
*[[Saman (religion)|Saman]]
*[[Sanctuary (religion)|Sanctuary]]
*[[School for Preparation for Extraterrestrial Evacuation]] (''Ecole de la préparation de l'évacuation extra terrestre'')
*[[School of Essentialism Association]] (''Association de soutien à l'oeuvre de Sundari - L'Ecole de l'essentialisme'')
*[[Science of Mind]] (''La science du mental'')
*[[Seimeikyo Europe]] (''Seimeikyo Europe'')
*[[Shinji Shumeikai France]] (''Shinji Shumeikai France'')
*[[Shri Ram Chandra Mission|Shri Ram Chandra Mission France]] (''Shri Ram Chandra Mission France'')
*[[Siderella]]
*[[Silva Method|Silva Method Mind Control]] (''Méthode Sylva de contrôle mental'')
*[[Rastafari movement|Sister Rasta Movement]] (''Sister mouvement rasta'')
*[[Soka Gakkai International|Soka Gakkai International France]] (''Soka Gakkai internationale France'')
*[[Spiritual Emergence Network France – Holotropic Breathing]] (''Spiritual Emergence Network France - Respiration holotropique'')
*[[Sri Chinmoy|Sri Chinmoy Association of Paris]] (''Association Sri Chinmoy de Paris'')
*[[St. Germain Foundation]] (''Fondation Saint-germain'')
*[[St. Preux Institute]] (''Institut de Saint-Preux'')
*[[Harry Palmer (Avatar)|Star's Edge International – Avatar Method]] (''Star's edge international - Méthode Avatar'')
*[[Study, Tradition and Research in Energetics (E.T.R.E.)]] (''Etude tradition et recherche en énergétique (E.T.R.E.)'')
*[[Subud|Subud Association of France – Susila Dharma France]] (''Association Subud de France - Susila Dharma France'')
*[[Suicide of the River Banks]] (''Le suicide des rives'')
*[[Sukyo Mahikari|Sukyo Mahikari – Light of Truth]] (''Sukyo Mahikari - Lumière de vérité'')
*[[Supermen Club]] (''Le club des surhommes'')
*[[Supreme Paravidya Wisdom]] (''Paravidya sagesse suprême'')
*[[Teaching and Therapy of Evolutionary Search]] (''Enseignement et thérapie de recherches évolutives'')
*[[Pilgrims of Arès|The Eye Opens]] (''L'oeil s'ouvre'')
*[[Family International|The Family (formerly "Children of God")]] (''La Famille (ex-Enfants de Dieu)'')
*[[The Grand Lodge]] (''Le grand logis'')
*[[The Paraclete Centre]] (''Centre du Paraclet'')
*[[Thébaide Community]] (''Communauté de la Thébaide'')
*[[Theological Institute of Nîmes]] (''Institut théologique de Nîmes'')
*[[Timothy Mission]] (''Mission Timothée'')
*[[American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property|Tradition Family Property]] (''Tradition Famille Propriété'')
*[[Trans-Mutations]] (''Trans-mutations'')
*[[Tree in the Environment]] (''L'arbre au milieu'')
*[[Sathya Sai Baba|Union of Sri Sathya Sai Associations, Centres and Groups]] (''Union des associations centres et groupes Sri Sathya Sai'')
*[[Universal Alliance]] (''Alliance universelle'')
*[[Worldwide Church of God|Universal Church of God]] (''Eglise universelle de Dieu'')
*[[Universal Church of the Kingdom of God|Universal Church of God's Kingdom]] (''Eglise universelle du royaume de Dieu'')
*[[Universal White Brotherhood]] (''Fraternité blanche universelle'')
*[[Venture (religion)|Venture]]
*[[Village of Aquarius]] (''Le village du verseau'')
*[[Sahaja Yoga|Vishwa Nirmala Dharma – Sahaja Yoga]] (''Viswa Nirmala Dharma - Sahaja Yoga'')
*[[Vital Harmony SA]] (''Vital Harmony [[S.A. (corporation)|SA]]'')
*[[Viveka]]
*[[Vo Vi Association of France – Friends of the Science of Non-being of France]] (''Association Vo Vi de France - Amis de la Science du non être de France'')
*[[Way of Light (Unity of Research Projects for the Evolution of Light)]] (''La voie de la lumière (unité de recherches pour l'évolution de la lumière)'')
*[[Word of Faith – World Evangelisation]] (''La parole de foi - Evangélisation mondiale'')
 
{{Col-end}}
 
=== French parliamentary commission report (1999) ===
 
The French Parliamentary report of 1999 on cults and money<ref name="france1999">{{cite web|url= http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dossiers/sectes/sommaire.asp|title= Les sectes et l'argent [Cults and money]|accessdate= 2009-04-20|author= Assemblée Nationale|authorlink= National Assembly of France|coauthors= |date= 1999-06-10|publisher= République Française|language= French
|quote= enquête sur la situation financière, patrimoniale et fiscale des sectes, ainsi que sur leurs activités économiques et leurs relations avec les milieux économiques et financiers [inquiry into the finances, property and income of cults, as well as into their economic activities and their connections with economic and financial circles]}}</ref> concentrated its attention on some 30 groups which it judged as major players in respect of their financial influence.<ref name="fr99annex">{{cite web|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dossiers/sectes/r1687anx.asp|title= Les sectes et l'argent - Annexes (Cults and money - Appendices)|accessdate= 2009-04-20|author= Assemblée Nationale|authorlink= National Assembly of France|coauthors= |date= 1999-06-10|publisher= République Française|language= French |quote= La Commission a choisi de sélectionner une trentaine de sectes (1) qui lui paraissent disposer d'une influence économique et d'un poids financier significatifs, et pour lesquelles elle a pu rassembler des informations qu'elle juge utile de rendre publiques. [The Commission chose to select some thirty cults which appeared to it to have significant economic influence and financial clout; and for which it could assemble information which it judged useful to publicise.]}}</ref> It underlined the non-exhaustive character of its investigations, seeing them as a snapshot at a point in time and based on informatiion available.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dossiers/sectes/r1687anx.asp|title= Les sectes et l'argent - Annexes (Cults and money - Appendices)|accessdate= 2009-04-20|author= Assemblée Nationale|authorlink= National Assembly of France|coauthors=|date= 1999-06-10|publisher= République Française|language= French |quote=  La Commission tient donc à souligner le caractère non exhaustif des éléments figurant ci-après : le fait qu'une secte ne soit pas mentionnée ou qu'une rubrique la concernant ne soit pas renseignée ne signifie nullement qu'elle soit dépourvue de toute importance économique et financière. ... Il s'agit donc d'une photographie réalisée à un instant donné à partir des informations dont la Commission a pu avoir connaissance. [The Commission however underlines the non-exhaustive character of the data below: the fact that a cult gets no mention or that a detail concerning it remains unreported in no way signifies that it may lack any economic or financial immportance ... Thus it becomes a matter of a snapshot made at a given point-in-time on the basis of information which the Commission could take into consideration.]}}</ref>
 
The groups examined included:<ref name="france1999" /><ref name="fr99annex" />
 
* Anthroposophie ([[Anthroposophy]])
* Au Cœur de la Communication (At the Heart of Communication)
* Contre-réforme catholique ([[League for Catholic Counter-Reformation]])
* Dianova (Ex-Le Patriarche) (Dianova (formerly: the Patriarch))
* Église du Christ ([[Boston Church of Christ]])
* Église Néo-apostolique ([[New Apostolic Church]])
* [[Énergo-Chromo-Kinèse]] (ECK)
* Fédération d'agrément des réseaux (ex-Groupement européen des professionnels du marketing) (Federation of the networks of agreement (formerly: [[GEPM|European Grouping of Marketing Professionals (GEPM)]])
* Fraternité blanche universelle ([[Universal White Brotherhood]])
* Invitation à la Vie ([[Invitation to Life]])
* Innergy ([[Insight Seminars]])
* Krishna ([[ISKCON|Hare Krishna movement]])
* Landmark ([[Landmark Education]])
* Mahikari ([[Sukyo Mahikari|Sûkyô Mahikari]])
* [[Mandarom]]
* Méthode Avatar ([[Harry Palmer (Avatar)|Avatar Method)]]
* Moon ([[Unification Church]])
* Mouvement du Graal ([[Grail Movement]])
* Mouvement Raëlien ([[Raëlism|Raelian]] Movement)
* Nouvelle Acropole ([[New Acropolis]])
* Office culturel de Cluny ([[Cultural office of Cluny – National Federation of Total Animation]])
* [[Buddhism in France#Tibetan Buddhist communities|Ogyen Kunzang Chöling]]
* Orkos ([[Anopsology]])
* Pentecôte de Besançon ([[Evangelical Pentecostal Church of Besançon]])
* Prima Verba
* Rose-Croix - AMORC ([[Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis|Rosicrucian Order]])
* Rose-Croix d'Or ([[Lectorium Rosicrucianum|Gold Rosicrucian Brotherhood]])
* Scientologie ([[Scientology]])
* Soka Gakkaï ([[Sōka Gakkai]])
* La méthode Silva (The [[Silva Method]])
* Témoins de Jéhovah ([[Jehovah's Witnesses]])
* Tradition Famille Propriété ([[American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property|Tradition Family Property]])
 
== Germany ==
 
=== Berlin Senate report (1997) ===
An official report of a [[Senate of Berlin|Senate]] Committee of the city and state of Berlin in Germany listed and discussed cults ({{lang-de|Sekten}}), emphasizing with its sub-title their categorization as "entities espousing a [[world view]] and new religions". The 1997 Berlin Senate report — entitled ''Cults: Risks and Side-effects: Information on selected new religious and world-view espousing Movements and Psycho-offerings''<ref name="germany1997">{{cite book|last=Rũhle (ed.)|first=Anne|coauthors=Ina Kunst|title= "Sekten": Risiken und Nebenwirkungen: Informationen zu ausgewählten neuen religiõsen und weltanschaulichen Bewegungen und Psychoangeboten.'' [Cults: Risks and Side-effects. Information on selected new religious and world-view Movements and Psycho-offerings]|origdate=|origyear=1994|url=http://www.ariplex.com/ama/amasenat.htm|accessdate=2007-02-06
|edition=2nd|volume=1|date=December 1997|publisher= Senatsverwaltung für Schule, Jugend and Sport. [Senate Administration for School, Youth and Sport]|language= German}}</ref> — subdivided "selected suppliers" (''ausgewählte Anbieter'') of its objects of interest as:
 
{{Multicol}}
* 7.1: Groups with a Christian background (''Gruppen mit christlichem Hintergrund'')
** 7.1.1 [[Uriella#Fiat Lux|Fiat Lux]]
** 7.1.2 Parish on the Road Evangelical Free Church (registered association) (''Gemeinde auf dem Weg Evangelische Freikirche e.V'')
** 7.1.3 Parish of Jesus Christ (registered association) Boston Church of Christ (''Gemeinde Jesu Christi e.V. (Boston Church of Christ)'')
** 7.1.4 [[Universal Life]] (Re-gathering of Jesus Christ) (''Universelles Leben (Heimholungswerk Jesu Christi/HHW)'')
** 7.1.5 [[Unification Church]] ([[Sun Myung Moon|Moon]] movement) (''Vereinigungskirche (Mun-Bewegung)'')
* 7.2 Groups with a [[Paganism|pagan]] background (''Gruppen mit heidnischem Hintergrund'')
** 7.2.1 Teutonic Belief Association (registered association) (''Germanische Glaubengemeinschaft e.V. (GGG)'')
** 7.2.2 Pagan Association (registered association) (''Heidnische Gemeinschaft e.V. (HG)'')
* 7.3 Groups with a [[Hinduism|Hinduistic]] background (''Gruppen mit hinduistischem Hintergrund'')
** 7.3.1 [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) (''International Society of Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)'')
** 7.3.2 [[Osho movement|OSHO-Movement]] ([[Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh)|Osho]]) (''OSHO-Bewegung (Bhagwan)'')
** 7.3.3 [[Ruhani Satsang]] of [[Sant Thakar Singh|Thakar Singh]] (''Ruhani Satsang des Thakar Singh'')
** 7.3.4 [[Transcendental Meditation]] (TM) (''Transzendentale Meditation (TM)'')
{{Multicol-break}}
* 7.4 Suppliers of Life-Help (''Anbieter von Lebenshilfe'')
** commercial: (''kommerziell:'')
** 7.4.1 The Circle of Friends of [[Bruno Gröning]] (''Bruno Gröning-Freundeskreise'')
** 7.4.2 Context Seminar Company Limited (''Kontext Seminar GmbH'')
** 7.4.3 [[Landmark Education]] (LE) (''Landmark Education (LE)'')
** 7.4.4 Art Reade
** 7.4.5 [[Scientology]]
** 7.4.6 The Natale Institute (TNI)
** non-commercial: (''nicht kommerziell:'')
** 7.4.7 Union for the Enhancement of the psychological Knowledge of Mankind (''Verein zur Förderung der psychologischen Menschenkenntnis (VPM)'')
* 7.5 [[Occultism]]/[[Satanism]] (''Okkultismus/Satanismus'')
* 7.6 So-called [[Multi-level marketing|Multi-level Marketers]] (''Sogenannte Strukturvertriebe'')
{{Multicol-end}}
 
==Russia==
In 2008 the [[Russian Interior Ministry]] prepared a list of "extremist groups."  At the top of the list were Islamic groups outside of "traditional Islam," which is supervised by the Russian government. Next listed were [[Neopaganism|"Pagan cults"]].<ref>''The new nobility : the restoration of Russia's security state and the enduring legacy of the KGB'', Author: Andreĭ Soldatov; I Borogan,
Publisher: New York, NY : PublicAffairs, ©2010. pages 65-66</ref>  In 2009 the [[Russian Ministry of Justice]] created a council which it named "Council of Experts Conducting State Religious Studies Expert Analysis."  The new council listed 80 large sects which it considered potentially dangerous to Russian society, and mentioned that there were thousands of smaller ones.  Large sects listed included: [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and what were called "neo-Pentecostals." <ref>''Persecuted: The Global Assault on Christians (Google eBook), Paul Marshall, 2013, Thomas Nelson Inc</ref>
 
==United States==
 
=== Committee on Government Reform (August 1999) ===
;''Suspect Organizations and Individuals Possessing Long-Range Fifty Caliber Sniper Weapons''
A report to the [[United States House of Representatives]], Section VI is entitled "Montana Doomsday Religious Cult - "Church Universal and Triumphant".
*[[Church Universal and Triumphant]]<ref>[http://www.democrats.reform.house.gov/Documents/20040830103758-73537.pdf Suspect Organizations and Individuals Possessing Long-Range Fifty Caliber Sniper Weapons], [[United States House of Representatives]], Committee on Government Reform, August 17, 1999., VI: Additional Cases:  "Montana Doomsday Religious Cult - "Church Universal and Triumphant", Page 8.<blockquote>The GAO investigators found a 1989 case in Montana in which members of a "doomsday religious cult" had stockpiled many weapons, including several fifty caliber weapons.  The cult is called the "Church Universal and Triumphant" (C.U.T.), and its leader is Elizabeth Clare Prophet.  The cult was in the process of building underground bunkers to prepare for the end of the world.  This investigation began because Ms. Prophet's and another cult member used birth certificates of deceased individuals to obtain driver's licenses so that they could purchase and stockpile weapons.<br>In an ATF crackdown, agents found that the cult members had illegally acquired hundreds of weapons and thousands of rounds of ammunition.  Among this stockpile was ten semi-automatic fifty caliber weapons purchased with false identifications.  The cult members were convicted of illegally purchasing firearms.  According to GAO, Ms. Prophet continues to lead the cult and was not charged in connection with these offenses.</blockquote></ref>
 
===Project Megiddo (October 1999)===
{{details|Project Megiddo}}
 
Project Megiddo consisted of an [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] analysis, with a report released on October 20, 1999.<ref name="megiddo">[http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3578/www.fbi.gov/library/megiddo/megiddo.pdf Project Megiddo], [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] Strategic Assessment, October 20, 1999, retrieved 2007-07-03</ref> The report warned against: "the potential for extremist criminal activity in the United States by individuals or domestic groups who attach special significance to the year 2000."<ref name="megiddo" />  Its analysis focused on [[Apocalypse|apocalyptic]] religious groups, [[doomsday cults]] and [[New World Order (conspiracy)|(New World Order)]] [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]].
 
The report discussed the potential for violence in groups that it called "biblically-driven cults"<ref>{{cite web| url        = http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3578/www.fbi.gov/library/megiddo/megiddo.pdf| title      = Project Megiddo| accessdate  =2008-10-13| format      = PDF| publisher  = FBI| pages      = 4| quote      = The potential for violence on behalf of members of biblically-driven cults is determined almost exclusively by the whims of the cult leader.}}</ref>  The report  warned that "less time spent on Bible study and more time spent on physical training - indicate that the cult may be preparing for some type of action."<ref name="megiddo" />  Groups singled out and analyzed in the report under the heading "Apocalyptic Cults" included the [[Branch Davidians]], the [[Concerned Christians]], and [[Law Revue]].<ref name="megiddo" /> The [[International Asatru-Odinic Alliance]] accused the FBI of violating its [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] rights to [[freedom of religion]], [[free speech]], and [[Freedom of assembly|peaceful assembly]]. The reason given for this accusation was the propagation of "numerous false statements and innuendos" about [[Odinism]] in the Project Megiddo report.<ref>[http://www.cesnur.org/testi/FBI_007.htm IAOA news release]</ref>
 
=== Assessing the Threat (December 1999) ===


== Vermeende sekten ==
On December 15, 1999 the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction presented a report called ''Assessing the Threat'' to the [[President of the United States]] and to the [[United States Congress]].  The report discusses the 1984 contamination of salad bars in [[Oregon]] by the [[Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh]] group, and the [[Aum Shinrikyo]] [[Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway]] of 1995.  Both groups are referred to as cults in the report.<ref name="assessing">{{cite book | last =Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Assessing The Threat: First Annual Report to The President and The Congress of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction | publisher =DIANE Publishing | date =December 15, 1999 | location = | pages =18, 24, 26, 28, 38, 40, 46–51 | url =http://www.rand.org/nsrd/terrpanel/terror.pdf | doi = | id = | isbn = 1-4289-8112-8|format=PDF}}</ref>
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===French list===
* [[Bhagwanbeweging]]<ref name = belgië>[[Sekte#Overheden en sekten|Belgisch sekterapport]] van 1997</ref>
The criteria chosen by the French Renseignements généraux to establish the potential dangers of a movement were criticized since they were considered vague and may include many organizations, religious or not. One of the first criticisms came from bishop [[Jean Vernette]], the national secretary of the French episcopate to the study of cults and new religious movements, who stressed that these criteria can be applied to almost all religions. Moreover, sociologists such as [[Bruno Étienne]] emphasized that the mental manipulation should not be defined by the policemen of the Renseignements généraux.<ref>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=Les sectes en France |publisher=Hachette littératures |year=2002 |language=French |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=213}}</ref> The list of cults was based on the criteria defined by the Renseignements généraux, but without specifying which of their practices are specifically criticized. In addition, the secrecy of the work made by the RG led to questions about the presence or absence of certain organizations in the list. Étienne questioned the presence of the CEDIPAC SA company, formerly known as [[European Grouping of Marketing Professionals]] (GEPM), as its activity is not in the religious field.<ref>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=Les sectes en France |publisher=Hachette littératures |year=2002 |language=French |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=224}}</ref> The absence of [[Opus Dei]] or the Freemasons also raised questions.<ref>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=Les sectes en France |publisher=Hachette littératures |year=2002 |language=French |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=182}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Raphaël Verrier |title=La loi anti-secte : remède empoisonné d'un mal imaginaire |url=http://lmsi.net/spip.php?article57 |publisher=Les mots sont importants |language=French |date=February 2001 |accessdate=9 September 2009}}</ref> In 2007, Yves Bertrand, General Director of the Renseignements généraux from 1992 to 2003, spoke about his collaborative work with the parliamentary reports on cults, and said: "Alongside genuine and dangerous cults practicing removal of school, abuse of weakness or pedophilia, some groups have been a bit quickly dress up of the word cult".<ref>{{cite book |first=Yves |last=Bertrand |publisher=Plon |year=1997 |title=Je ne sais rien mais je dirai (presque) tout |language=French |page=166}}</ref> Furthermore, on 27 May 2005, the 1995 list of cults of the French report was officially cancelled and invalidated by [[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]]'s circulaire.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/content/societe/article?id=19641 |title=La fin des listes noires |journal=[[Le Point]] |publisher=Artémis |place=Paris |language=French |date=23 June 2005 |accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref>
* [[Brahma Kumaris Spirituele Academie]], wordt door ex-leden een sekte genoemd{{Bron?|Graag een betere bron dan een blog en een Wikipedia-lemma|2011|10|12}}
 
* [[Branch Davidians]], een Amerikaanse zevendedagsadventistische beweging onder leiding van [[David Koresh]] van 1988 tot 1993
In France, [[Antoinism]] was classified as a cult in the 1995 parliamentary reports which considered it one of the oldest healer groups.<ref name="AN">{{Cite web |title=Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'enquête sur les sectes — "Les sectes en France" |url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp |publisher =Assemblée Nationale |language=French |year=1995 |accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref> However, in a 1984 letter, the French [[Minister of the Interior]] wrote that the movement was considered, from an administrative point of view, as having for exclusive purpose the exercise of a religion, thus complying with the 18th and 19th Articles of the [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State]]. He added that antoinism had always been allowed to receive bequests or donations, which meant that its religious nature was never challenged.<ref>{{cite book |title=La religion, une anomalie républicaine? |chapter=Chapitre 2: Les enfants dans la tourmente "sectaire" |first=Dominique |last=Kounkou |publisher=L'Harmattan |year=2003 |page=98 |language=French |isbn=2-7475-4094-4}}</ref> In addition, many anti-cults activists, associations or watchers said they had not noticed cultic deviances in this group. For example, when heard by the Belgian commission on cults, philosopher Luc Nefontaine said that "the establishment of a directory of cult movements (...) seems to him dangerous, because it would also give a bad image of quite honourable organizations such as (...) Antoinism".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'Enquête par MM. Duquesne et Willems (partie I) |url=http://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/pdf/49/0313/49K0313007.pdf |format=pdf |language=French |page=92 |publisher=Chambre des Représentants de Belgique |year=1997 |accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref> Eric Brasseur, director of Centre for information and advice on harmful cultish organizations (Centre d'information et d'avis sur les organisations sectaires nuisibles, or CIAOSN) said: "This is a Belgian worship for which we have never had a complaint in 12 years, a rare case to report".<ref>{{cite journal |title=L'antoinisme, seul mouvement religieux né en Belgique |url=http://www.lalibre.be/societe/general/article/774950/l-antoinisme-seul-mouvement-religieux-ne-en-belgique.html |first=Déborah |last=Taminiaux |journal=[[La Libre Belgique]] |date=1er novembre 2012 |accessdate=5 November 2012}}</ref> Similarly, in 2013, the [[MIVILUDES|Interministerial Mission for Monitoring and Combatting Cultic Deviances]] (Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives sectaires, or MIVILUDES) made this comment: "We have never received reporting from Antoinists. They heal through prayer, but as long as they do not prevent people from getting proper treatment by legal means..." In addition, the [[Direction centrale des renseignements généraux|Renseignements généraux]] stopped monitoring the religion given the absence of any problem.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Faut-il se méfier des fidèles du Culte Antoiniste ? |journal=Le Progrès |place=Loire |edition=Édition du Roannais |first=Justin |last=Mourez |date=23 mars 2013 |page=15 |language=French}}</ref> In 2002, the national service "Pastoral, sects and new beliefs" ("Pastorale, sectes et nouvelles croyances"), which analyses new religious movements from a catholic point of view, wrote about Antoinism: "Although listed among the cults in the 1995 Parliamentary Report, it has no cultish feature."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://troumad.org/sectes/partie_4/Antoinisme.html |title=L'Antoinisme |author=Pastorale, sectes et nouvelles croyances |publisher=troumad |date=octobre 2002 |language=French |accessdate=6 September 2012}}</ref> Similarly, the French sociologist [[Régis Dericquebourg]], who deeply studied the religion, concluded that Antoinism is not a cult: it "has no totalitarian influence on its members, and do not dictate their behaviour to get in the world; it is not exclusive [and] shows no hostility towards social systems".<ref>{{cite book |title=Les Antoinistes |first=Régis |last=Dericquebourg |authorlink=Régis Dericquebourg |year=1993 |place=Belgium |publisher=Brépols |language=French |page=139 |isbn=978-2-503-50325-7}}</ref>
* [[Children of God]]/Kinderen van God/The Family/De Familie<ref>[http://www.hetvolk.be/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleID=GBIC5FT4 www.hetvolk.be]</ref>
 
* [[Christian Identity]]<ref>[http://www.novatv.nl/index.cfm?ln=nl&fuseaction=videoaudio.details&reportage_id=4040 www.novatv.nl] en [http://player.omroep.nl/?aflID=2877239&md5=fff88f4b1356b5a089c4a452458aecf0 player.omroep.nl]</ref>
In France, the 1995 parliamentary report listed the [[Shri Ram Chandra Mission]]. This has been criticized by lawyer Lawrence Hincker, who said that "this system of meditation, called Sahaj Marg, does not lead to a life away from the world. It integrates all aspects of man, whether physical, mental or spiritual, without charge or austerity or penance or self-negation".<ref>{{cite book |first=Laurent |last=Hincker |title=Sectes, rumeurs et tribunaux |publisher=La nuée bleue |year=2003 |language=French}}</ref> According to the sociologist [[Bruno Étienne]], an expert on religious issues, the SRCM publishes books as any other group but does not proselytize, and has never been convicted: "To us, it is fully a NMR (new religious movement), modern religious group, although based on an ancient tradition, and subject to serious arguments advanced by others more knowledgeable, we do not understand why it is criticized on the list of the damned".<ref>{{cite book |first=Bruno |last=Étienne |title=La France face aux sectes |isbn=2-01-235569-2 |page=86 |language=French}}</ref> [[Raphaël Liogier]], Director of the Observatory of religious and university professor at the [[Institut d'Études Politiques]] in [[Aix-en-Provence]], said he did not understand the inclusion on the cult list of an association that is fully recognized in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Transcription intégrale de l'interview de Raphaël Liogier |url=http://www.sectes-infos.net/Raphael_Liogier_Transcript_Integral.htm |publisher=Centre d'Information et de Conseil des Nouvelles Spiritualités |date=May 2006 |language=French |accessdate=4 August 2010}}</ref>
* [[Efraim Genootschap]], een Nederlandse christelijke apocalyptische organisatie onder leiding van Heinrich van Geene, actief sinds eind jaren tachtig
 
* [[Falun Gong]], door de Chinese overheid bestempeld als schadelijke sektarische beweging<ref name="Amnesty1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/011/2000/en/7a361a8e-df70-11dd-acaa-7d9091d4638f/asa170112000en.html |title=China: The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called 'heretical organizations'|date=23 March 2000|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=17 March 2010}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Hare Krishna-beweging]]<ref>Frans parlementair rapport van 1999</ref>
* [[European Federation of Centres of Research and Information on Sectarianism]] (FECRIS)
* [[Heaven's Gate (sekte)|Heaven's Gate]], een Amerikaanse groepering, naar aanleiding van de collectieve zelfdoding in 1997 in binnen- en buitenland genoemd als sekte
 
* [[Jehova's getuigen]]<ref>[http://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/pdf/49/0313/49K0313008.pdf ''Parlementair onderzoek met het oog op de beleidsvorming ter bestrijding van de onwettige praktijken van de sekten en van de gevaren ervan voor de samenleving en voor het individu, inzonderheid voor de minderjarigen''], Deel II, 28 april 1997</ref>
== References ==
* [[Landmark Education|Landmark Forum]]<ref>Door [http://www.stelling.nl/landmark/ Onderzoeksgroep Simpos]</ref><ref>Regeringen van [[Frankrijk]]{{Bron?||2009|04|03}} (in 1995) en Oostenrijk{{Bron?||2009|04|03}} (2006)</ref>
{{Reflist|2}}
* [[Life Foundation]], beoefent [[dru yoga]] onder leiding van Mansukh Patel, actief sinds begin jaren tachtig<ref>[http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/Nieuws/article/detail/1442661/2006/05/21/Life-Foundation-Seks-met-Mansukh-tilde-je-op-een-hoger-plan.dhtml Seks met Mansukh tilde je op een hoger plan]</ref>
* [[Lou de Palingboer]], door vele Nederlandse kranten<ref>[http://www.refdag.nl/nieuws/lou_de_palingboer_de_troebele_profeet_1_252023 refdag.nl] - ''Lou de Palingboer, de troebele profeet'', [[Reformatorisch Dagblad]], 27 maart 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn3/voorthuijzen inghist.nl] - ''VOORTHUIJZEN, Louwrens (1898-1968)'', Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis.</ref>
* [[Miracle of Love]], sinds 2006 ook in Nederland actief<ref>[http://www.kerknieuws.nl/nieuws.asp?oId=20007 D66 wil juridische aanpak sektes]. Geraadpleegd op 23 november 2012.</ref>
* [[Christelijke Gemeente Nederland|Noorse broeders]] (ook bekend als Christelijke Gemeente Nederland), door ex-leden en diverse kranten<ref>[http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4512/Cultuur/archief/article/detail/1613425/2009/11/21/Wat-zul-je-zijn-m-n-kind-kaf-of-koren.dhtml www.trouw.nl]</ref><ref>[http://krant.telegraaf.nl/krant/archief/20011214/teksten/bin.noorse.broeders.slachtoffers.html krant.telegraaf.nl]</ref>
* [[Orde der Transformanten]] in Nederland<ref>"Inval bij ‘sekte’ na schietpartij", ''NRC Handelsblad'', 13 september 2008</ref>
* [[Orde van de Zonnetempel]] (Ordre du Temple Solaire) in binnen- en buitenland{{Bron?||2011|10|12}}
* [[People's Temple]], gesticht door [[Jim Jones]] {{Bron?||2011|10|12}}
* [[Raëlisme]]<ref name = belgië /><ref>Frans parlementair rapport van 1999</ref>
* [[Sathya Sai Baba]]<ref>[http://www.exbaba.com www.exbaba.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.salon.com www.salon.com]</ref>
* [[Scientology]]<ref> [http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen/frames/rs19981110_1bvr153196 www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de]</ref>
* [[Transcendente meditatie|Transcendente Meditatie-beweging]]<ref name = belgië />
* [[Verenigingskerk]] (ook wel Moon-sekte genoemd)<ref>[http://www.groene.nl/2000/0022/tr_moon.html www.groene.nl]</ref>
* [[Westboro Baptist Church]], een Amerikaanse streng-calvinistische organisatie, in 1955 opgericht en nog steeds geleid door [[Fred Phelps]]


==Rapporten van diverse gouvermentele instellingen==
== Further reading ==
* [http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/nieuws/2013/10/09/beperkt-aantal-misstanden-bij-sekten-maar-impact-op-personen-groot.html Onderzoeksrapport over sekteproblematiek aan de Tweede Kamer] - 9-10-2013
* {{cite book | last = Bromley | first = David G. | authorlink =  | coauthors = [[J. Gordon Melton]] | title = Cults, Religion, and Violence  | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | year = 2002 | location = | pages = 113–116: "Government-Religious Movement Confrontations" | url = | doi = | isbn = 0-521-66898-0}}
* T.A.M. Witteveen - Overheid en nieuwe religieuze bewegingen (rapport van de vaste commissie voor de volksgezondheid van de [[Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal|Tweede Kamer]]) - Den Haag (SDU) 1984
* Whittier, Charles H., ''[[commons:The Cultic Phenomena: New and Emerging Religious Movements in America|The Cultic Phenomena: New and Emerging Religious Movements in America]]'', "Addendum II: Religious Cults in U.S. and Abroad.", Page CRS-45., [[Congressional Research Service]], [[Library of Congress]], Report No. 79-24 GOV., January 24, 1979.
* Alain Gest (président), Jacques Guyard (rapporteur) - [http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp Rapport] fait au nom de la commission d’enquête sur les sectes - Les rapports [[Nationale Vergadering (Frankrijk)|Assemblée Nationale]] 1995
* A. Duquesne en L. Willems (rapporteurs) - [http://www.dekamer.be/cgi-bin/docs.bat?l=n&dir=313 Verslag] Parlementair Onderzoek met het oog op de beleidsvorming ter bestrijding van de sekten en van de gevaren ervan voor de samenleving en voor het individu, inzonderheid voor de minderjarigen - Belgische [[Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers]] 1997
* Ortrun Schätzle (Vorsitzende) - [http://dip.bundestag.de/ Zwischenbericht] der Enquete-Kommission Sogenannte Sekten und Psychogruppen - Deutscher [[Bondsdag|Bundestag]] (DIP 13/8170) 1997
* Hedy d’Ancona (voorzitter), Maria Berger (rapporteur) - [http://www.europarl.eu.int/denhaag/default.htm Verslag] over de sekten in de [[Europese Unie]] - Commissie openbare vrijheden en binnenlandse zaken van het [[Europees Parlement]]


{{Appendix}}
{{New Religious Movements, Cults, and Sects}}


[[Categorie:Religielijsten|Sekten]]
[[Category:Religielijsten]]
[[Categorie:Sekte| Vermeende sekten]]

Versie van 7 apr 2014 06:31

The application of the labels (cults or sects) to religious movements in government documents usually signifies the popular and negative use of the term "cult" in English and a functionally similar use of words translated as "sect" in several European languages.[1][2] Government reports which have used these words include those from Austria,[3] Belgium,[4] Canada,[5] France[6] (in 1995), Germany,[7] and the United States.[8] While these documents utilize similar terminology they do not necessarily include the same groups nor is their assessment of these groups based on agreed criteria.[1][2] Other governments and world bodies also report on new religious movements but do not use these terms to describe them.[1]

Australia

Within Australia, the Parliament of New South Wales referred to Kenja Communication as a cult on November 24, 1992.[9]

Austria

Beginning in 2011, the United States Department of State's International Religious Freedom Report, as released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor no longer distinguishes sects in Austria as a separate group. Rather, religious groups are divided into three legal categories: officially recognized religious societies, religious confessional communities, and associations.[10] In the most recent year for which sects were officially recognized in Austria, the groups included the Church of Scientology, the Unification Church, the Divine Light Mission, Eckankar, Hare Krishna, Osho movement, Sahaja Yoga, Sai Baba, Sri Chinmoy, Transcendental Meditation, Fiat Lux, Universal Life, and The Family.[11]

Belgium

Parliamentary Inquiry Commission (1997)

The Justice Commission of the Belgian House of Representatives set up a parliamentary inquiry commission to work out a policy concerning cults. On April 28, 1997, the parliamentary commission issued its 670-page report[4] that contained a list of 189 movements, and stated that "[t]he fact that a movement is listed here, even if at the instigation of an official instance, does not signify that the Commission regards it as a cult". The parliament failed to adopt the report as such and only voted to accept the conclusions and recommendations (19 pages), and not the list. Despite the lack of adoption of the list, the commission published the whole report, including the list.[12] According to Human Rights Without Frontiers International, a Brussels Appeals Court in 2005 condemned the Belgian House of Representatives on the grounds that it had damaged the image of an organization (the Universal Church of God's Kingdom) listed in the 1997 parliamentary inquiry commission on sects.[13]

The Belgian list of groups (French-language naming or primary naming, with numbering as in the original document): Sjabloon:Multicol

  • 1. Aba Vangh
  • 2. Abrasax (Institut)
  • 3. Action Évangelique de Pentecôte (AEP) [Evangelical Action of Pentecost]
  • 4. Adventistes du 7e Jour [Seventh-day Adventists]
  • 5. Amish
  • 6. Ananda Marga
  • 7. Ange Albert (Glaube und Hoffnung) [Angel Albert (Belief and Hope)]
  • 8. Anthroposophie (Société Anthroposophique en Belgique) [Anthroposophy (Anthroposophical Society in Belgium)]
  • 9. Antoinisme (culte antoiniste)
  • 10. Aoum [Aum Shinrikyo]
  • 11. Assemblée Viens et Vois [Come and See Assembly]
  • 12. Assemblées de Dieu [Assemblies of God]
  • 13. Association Centre Saint-Michel A.S.B.L. [Saint Michael Centre Association (asbl)]
  • 14. Association (du Saint-Esprit) pour l'Unification du Christianisme mondial (Moon) [The Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (Sun Myung Moon)]
  • 15. Association Égoïque [Ego Association]
  • 16. Association Internationale pour la Conscience de Krishna (AICK ou ISKCON) [International Society for Krishna Consciousness or ISKCON)]
  • 17. Association Maître Supreme Ching Hai [Association of the Supreme Master Ching Hai]
  • 18. Atlantide ou Ambassade de la Paix [Atlantid or Embassy of Peace]
  • 19. Au Cœur de la Communication (ACC) [At the Heart of Communication]
  • 20. Auram
  • 21. Axe Holistique [Holistic Axis]
  • 22. Baha'ie (La Foi Mondiale) [Bahá'í (the World Faith)]
  • 23. Ban Thai Laos
  • 24. Bhagwan (ou mouvement Neo Samyas) [Bhagwan (or Neo Samyas movement)]
  • 25. Brahma Kumaris
  • 26. Broeder Gregorius [Brother Gregory]
  • 27. Caillou (La communauté du) ou les «Jeudis du Caillou» ou «La Communauté de la Cité»
  • 28. Calvary Christian Center
  • 29. Capital Worship Center
  • 30. Église céleste du Christ ou Église du Christianisme céleste [Celestial Church of Christ]
  • 31. Centre Paradigme [Paradigm Center]
  • 32. Centrum «De Reiziger» ["De Reiziger" Center]
  • 33. Chevaliers du Lotus d'Or (Mandarom) (Association du Vajra triomphant) [Knights of the Golden Lotus (Mandarom) (Triumphant Vajra Association)]
  • 34. Christian Church
  • 35. Church Universal and Triumphant
  • 36. Clier A.S.B.L. [Clier asbl]
  • 37. Compagnie Chevaleresque de Saint-Michel [Knightly Association of Saint Michael]
  • 38. Contre-Reforme Catholique (ligue de) [The League for Catholic Counter-Reformation (CRC)]
  • 39. CORAEN (Centrum voor de Opsporing, Registratie en Analyse van Elfennesten)
  • Cor Unum (see Ordre du Divin Sacré Coeur)
  • 40. Coven Thot [Thot Coven]
  • 41. Cristal A.S.B.L.[Crystal asbl]
  • 42. De Ark [The Ark]
  • 43. De Geestelijke Kracht [Spiritual Power]
  • 44. De Groep (un psychologue) [The group (a psychologist)]
  • 45. Deva-Light
  • 46. Dynarsis Institute
  • 47. EBS – De Werter Loge
  • 48. ECK (Energo-Chromo-Kinese) ou Énergo 8 internationale [ECK (Energo-chromo-kinetics) or Energo 8 International]
  • 49. École de Philosophie [School of Philosophy]
  • 50. Ecoovie
  • 51. Église Catholique Apostolique Gallicane Traditionnelle [Traditional Gallican Apostolic Catholic Church]
  • 52. Église de Jésus-Christ des Saints des Derniers Jours (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or Mormons)
  • 53. Église de la Pentecôte Bethel [Church of the Bethel Pentecost]
  • 54. Église de Scientologie [Church of Scientology
  • 55. Église du Christ de Bruxelles (dépendant de l'Eglise du Christ de Boston) [Brussels Church of Christ (subsidiary of the Boston Church of Christ ]
  • 56. Église Évangélique Libre [Free Evangelical Church]
  • 57. Église Gnostique Lucifer Christ [Lucifer Christ Gnostic Church]
  • 58. Église Internationale du Christ [International Churches of Christ]
  • 59. Église Jésus-Christ de Vérité [Jesus Christ Church of Truth]
  • 60. Église Néoapostolique [New Apostolic Church]
  • 61. Église Universelle de Dieu (Eglise Mondiale du Christ) [Universal Church of God (Worldwide Church of Christ)]
  • 62. Église Universelle du Royaume de Dieu [Universal Church of the Kingdom of God]
  • 63. Élégance Continentale [Continental Elegance]
  • 64. Elewout Centrum [Elewout Center]
  • 65. Emin Foundation (originally "Church of Eminent Way")
  • 66. Énergie Humaine et Universelle (HUE): Institut Européen de Recherche de l'Énergie Humaine et Universelle IEREHU) [Human and Universal Energy (HUE): European Research Institute for Human and Universal Energy IEREHU]
  • 67. Evangelische Christenen [Evangelical Christians]
  • 68. Éveil de la Conscience [Waking of the Conscience]
  • 69. Ex Deo Nascimur [From God we are born]
  • 70. Fédération et Union Spirites Belges [Belgian Spirits Federation and Union]
  • 71. Fellowship Friends Renaissance
  • 72. Filiation Solazaref
  • 73. Fraternité Blanche Universelle (FBU) [ Universal White Brotherhood; compare Great White Brotherhood ]
  • 74. Friends Of Edo (F of E)
  • 75. Gemeente van Christus [Parish of Christ]
  • 76. God's River Ministries
  • 77. Groep ter Verering van de Wenende Madonna van Bohan [Group for Honoring the Weeping Madonna of Bohan]
  • 78. Groupe de Recherche et de Fondation en Analyse Existentielle [Research and Training Group in Existential Analysis]
  • 79. Het Gereformeerde Evangelisatie Centrum Essen [The Essen Reformed Evangelization Center]
  • 80. Het Werk (L'Oeuvre) [The Work]
  • 81. Het Zwarte Licht [The Black Light]
  • 82. Horus
  • 83. Humana
  • 84. I Am
  • 85. Iatrosophie [Iatrosophy]
  • 86. INDIP (Institut de développement et d'intégration de la personne) (centre primal) [INDIP (Institute for the Development and Integration of the personality) (primary centre)]
  • 87. Insight Benelux (intermédiaire de Insight Educational Institute, en Californie) [Insight Benelux (associated with Insight Educational Institute, in California)]
  • 88. Institut Gnostique d'Anthropologie (IGA) [Gnostic Institute of Anthropology (IGA)]
  • 89. Institut Gurdjieff [The Gurdjieff Foundation]
  • 90. Institut Yeuntenling A.S.B.L./Tibetaans Instituut V.Z.W. (Karma Sonam Gyamtso Ling)

Sjabloon:Multicol-break

  • 91. Ishtar
  • 92. IVI (Invitation à la vie intense) [IVI (Invitation to Intense Life)]
  • 93. Jain Association
  • 94. Jiddu Krisna Murti
  • 95. Kapel van het Allerheiligste Sacrament [Chapel of the Most Holy Sacrament]
  • 96. Katalys A.S.B.L. [Katalys asbl]
  • 97. Kreative Energie [Creative Energy]
  • 98. Kripalu Yoga
  • 99. La Famille ou Association des communautés missionnaires chrétiennes indépendantes [ The Family or Association of Independent Christian Missionary Communities]
  • 100. La Licorne de Jade [The Jade Unicorn]
  • 101. La Lunaire [The Lunary]
  • 102. La Paideutique
  • 103. La Parole de Jésus [The Word of Jesus]
  • 104. La Ramonette
  • 105. La Voie de la Lumière [The Way of Light]
  • 106. Landmark Education
  • 107. Le Hêtre
  • 108. Le Mantra d'Hasom [The Mantra of Hasom]
  • 109. Le Patriarche [The Patriarch]
  • 110. Le Rassemblement Europeen Ouvriers du Christ [The Workers of Christ European Rally]
  • 111. Les Adorateurs du Nombril du Soleil [Worshippers of the Navel of the Sun]
  • 112. Les Alchimistes [The Alchemists]
  • 113. Les Amis de l'Homme (à l'origine «L'Ange de l'Eternel») [The Friends of Man (originally "The Angel of the Eternal")]
  • 114. Les Assemblées des Frères Darbystes
  • 115. Les Croix de la Nouvelle Babylone [The Crosses of the New Babylon]
  • 116. Les Matsya A.S.B.L.
  • 117. Loge Noire [Black Lodge]
  • 118. Longo-Mai
  • 119. Maitreya (BAHA)
  • 120. Meditation Transcendentale [Transcendental Meditation]
  • 121. Messias Concern [Messiah Concern]
  • 122. Miroir Solaire [Mirror of the Sun]
  • 123. Mission d'Arès [Ares Mission]
  • 124. Mouvement du Graal [Grail Movement]
  • 125. Mouvement Humaniste (Le Mouvement) [Humanist Movement (The Movement)]
  • 126. Mouvement Raëlien Belge [Belgian Raelian Movement]
  • 127. Nació dos Muchachos [Nation of Guys]
  • 128. Noire Eau [Black Water]
  • 129. Nouvelle Acropole [New Acropolis]
  • 130. Oasis of Mellie Uyldertstichting [Oasis of Mellie Uyldert Foundation]
  • 131. Ogyen Kunzang Chöling (OKC)
  • 132. Opstal
  • 133. Opus Dei
  • 134. Ordre de la Pleine Lune [Order of the Full Moon]
  • 135. Ordre de la Rose-Croix [ Order of the Rose Cross ]
  • 136. Ordre des Chevaliers du Temple, du Christ et de Notre-Dame (OCTCND) ou Fraternité Johannite pour la résurgence templière [Order of Knights of the Temple, of Christ and of Our Lady (OCTCND) or Johannite Fraternity for Templar Renewal]
  • 137. Ordre du Divin Sacré Cœur (Cor Unum) [Order of the Divine Sacred Heart (Cor Unum)]
  • 138. Ordre du Temple Solaire [Order of the Solar Temple]
  • 139. Ordre Vert Druidique et de la Fraternité du Soleil Celtique [Druidic Green Order and Order of the Fraternity of the Celtic Sun]
  • 140. OSMTH/OSMTJ (Ordre Souverain et Militaire du Temple de Jérusalem) [OSMTH/SMOTJ: Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem]
  • 141. Paramahansa Yogananda
  • 142. Payot Marie Blanche
  • 143. Pere Samuel [Father Samuel]
  • 144. Pluk De Dag (Centrum der Duizend Zonnen) [Seize the Day (Centre of the Twelve Suns)]
  • 145. Power
  • 146. Quadratoquintillia
  • 147. Religieus Genootschap der Vrienden Quakers [Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)]
  • 148. Renouveau Charismatique [Charismatic Renewal]
  • 149. Sahaja Yoga
  • 150. Satansekte [Satan cults]
  • 151. Sathya Sai Baba
  • 152. Savoir pour Être [Know in order to Be]
  • 153. Selfrealisation Fellowship [ Self-Realization Fellowship ]
  • 154. Servanta
  • 155. Shin Boedhisme (Jodo Shinso) [Shin Buddhism Jodo Shinshu)]
  • 156. Shri Ram Chandra Mission
  • 157. Siddha Shiva Yoga [Siddha Yoga]
  • 158. Sierra 21
  • 159. Sint Egidiusgemeenschap [Community of Sant'Egidio | The Community of Saint Giles]
  • 160. Soefi Beweging [ Sufi movement ]
  • 161. Soka Gakkai
  • 162. Ster van David (Huis Maria van Bethlehem) [Star of David (Mary of Bethlehem House)]
  • 163. Stromen van Kracht [Streams of Power]
  • 164. Sûkyô Mahikari
  • 165. Summit Light House
  • 166. Sunnatarem Belgium Natural Dubdist Meditation Center
  • 167. Szatmar
  • 168. T'ai chi
  • 169. Tao Yoga
  • 170. Teblig
  • 171. Témoins de Jehovah [ Jehovah's Witnesses ]
  • 172. Terre d'Enneille
  • 173. The Elijah Muhammad Foundation
  • 174. Theosofie V.Z.W. (Geüniëerde loge van Theosofen) [ Theosophy non-profit organization (United Lodge of Theosophists)]
  • 175. Theravada
  • 176. Trans-Mutations
  • 177. Trois Saints Cœurs [The Three Holy Hearts]
  • 178. Vahali (I Am)
  • 179. Thérapeute Yvo Van Orshoven (A.S.B.L. Esse) [The therapist Yvo Van Orshoven (Esse non-profit organisation)]
  • 180. Verbond van Vlaamse Pinkstergemeenten [Union of Flemish Pentecostal Churches]
  • 181. Vibration Cœur [Vibrating Heart]
  • 182. Vrij Evangelische Kerkgemeente [Free Evangelical Church Community]
  • 183. Wat Asokaran [Wat Asokaram]
  • 184. World Federation For Spiritual Healing
  • 185. Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA)
  • 186. YSS [ Yogoda Satsanga Society of India ]
  • 187. Zen
  • 188. Zida Yoga
  • 189. Zwarte Madonna - Satanskerk [Black Madonna - Church of Satan]

Sjabloon:Multicol-end

Canada

A Canadian Security Intelligence Service report of 1999 discussed "Doomsday Religious Movements espousing hostile beliefs and having the potential to be violent.." Groups classified as "Doomsday Religious Movements" included:

In 2005, the Hate Crimes Unit of the Edmonton Police Service confiscated anti-Falun Gong materials distributed at the annual conference of the American Family Foundation by staff members of the Calgary Chinese Consulate (Province of Alberta, Canada). The materials, including the calling of Falun Gong a "cult," were identified as having breached the Criminal Code, which bans the wilful promotion of hatred against identifiable religious groups.[14]

China

The General Office of Ministry of Public Security of the government of China maintains a list of what it considers "evil cults," entitled "Information Regarding the Organizations Already Identified as Cults." Among the groups listed is Christian-based Eastern Lightning.[15] The followers of Watchman Nee (the Shouters) are said to be the first group put on the list, in 1983.[16] Other Christian-based groups on the list include: The Shouters 2 (Chinese Shouters), Established King, the Lord God Sect, the Lingling Sect, the All Scope Church, the South China Church, the Disciples Sect, the Three Ranks of Service, the Cold Water Sect, the Commune Sect, the New Testiment Church, the Resurrection Sect, the Dami Evangelism Association, and the World Elijah Evangelism Association.[17] In 2001, Falun Gong was added to the list.[18]

France

Sjabloon:Details3

In 1995, a parliamentary commission of the National Assembly of France on cults produced its report[6] (in French: compare an unofficial English translation). The report included a list of purported cults compiled by the general information division of the French National Police (Renseignements généraux — a French police service) in association with cult-watching groups.

In May 2005 the then Prime Minister of France, in a circulaire,[19] which stressed that the government must exercise vigilance concerning the cult phenomenon,[19] said that the list of movements attached to the Parliamentary Report of 1995 had become less pertinent, based on the observation that many small groups had formed: scattered, more mobile, and less-easily identifiable,[19] and that the government needed to balance its concern with cults with respect for public freedoms and laïcité (secularism).[19] Subsequent French parliamentary commissions on cults reported on specific aspects of cult activity in 1999[20] and in 2006.[21]

French parliamentary commission report (1995)

Opinion in France varies as to the applicability of the 1995 Parliamentary report. A provincial court case noted that all such Parliamentary reports have no juridical impact.[22] And as stated above, a Prime Ministerial circulaire warned that name-changes had reduced the usefulness of this particular Parliamentary report.[19]


Sjabloon:Col-1-of-2

Sjabloon:Col-2-of-2

French parliamentary commission report (1999)

The French Parliamentary report of 1999 on cults and money[24] concentrated its attention on some 30 groups which it judged as major players in respect of their financial influence.[25] It underlined the non-exhaustive character of its investigations, seeing them as a snapshot at a point in time and based on informatiion available.[26]

The groups examined included:[24][25]

Germany

Berlin Senate report (1997)

An official report of a Senate Committee of the city and state of Berlin in Germany listed and discussed cults (Sjabloon:Lang-de), emphasizing with its sub-title their categorization as "entities espousing a world view and new religions". The 1997 Berlin Senate report — entitled Cults: Risks and Side-effects: Information on selected new religious and world-view espousing Movements and Psycho-offerings[7] — subdivided "selected suppliers" (ausgewählte Anbieter) of its objects of interest as:

Sjabloon:Multicol

  • 7.1: Groups with a Christian background (Gruppen mit christlichem Hintergrund)
    • 7.1.1 Fiat Lux
    • 7.1.2 Parish on the Road Evangelical Free Church (registered association) (Gemeinde auf dem Weg Evangelische Freikirche e.V)
    • 7.1.3 Parish of Jesus Christ (registered association) Boston Church of Christ (Gemeinde Jesu Christi e.V. (Boston Church of Christ))
    • 7.1.4 Universal Life (Re-gathering of Jesus Christ) (Universelles Leben (Heimholungswerk Jesu Christi/HHW))
    • 7.1.5 Unification Church (Moon movement) (Vereinigungskirche (Mun-Bewegung))
  • 7.2 Groups with a pagan background (Gruppen mit heidnischem Hintergrund)
    • 7.2.1 Teutonic Belief Association (registered association) (Germanische Glaubengemeinschaft e.V. (GGG))
    • 7.2.2 Pagan Association (registered association) (Heidnische Gemeinschaft e.V. (HG))
  • 7.3 Groups with a Hinduistic background (Gruppen mit hinduistischem Hintergrund)

Sjabloon:Multicol-break

  • 7.4 Suppliers of Life-Help (Anbieter von Lebenshilfe)
    • commercial: (kommerziell:)
    • 7.4.1 The Circle of Friends of Bruno Gröning (Bruno Gröning-Freundeskreise)
    • 7.4.2 Context Seminar Company Limited (Kontext Seminar GmbH)
    • 7.4.3 Landmark Education (LE) (Landmark Education (LE))
    • 7.4.4 Art Reade
    • 7.4.5 Scientology
    • 7.4.6 The Natale Institute (TNI)
    • non-commercial: (nicht kommerziell:)
    • 7.4.7 Union for the Enhancement of the psychological Knowledge of Mankind (Verein zur Förderung der psychologischen Menschenkenntnis (VPM))
  • 7.5 Occultism/Satanism (Okkultismus/Satanismus)
  • 7.6 So-called Multi-level Marketers (Sogenannte Strukturvertriebe)

Sjabloon:Multicol-end

Russia

In 2008 the Russian Interior Ministry prepared a list of "extremist groups." At the top of the list were Islamic groups outside of "traditional Islam," which is supervised by the Russian government. Next listed were "Pagan cults".[27] In 2009 the Russian Ministry of Justice created a council which it named "Council of Experts Conducting State Religious Studies Expert Analysis." The new council listed 80 large sects which it considered potentially dangerous to Russian society, and mentioned that there were thousands of smaller ones. Large sects listed included: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jehovah's Witnesses, and what were called "neo-Pentecostals." [28]

United States

Committee on Government Reform (August 1999)

Suspect Organizations and Individuals Possessing Long-Range Fifty Caliber Sniper Weapons

A report to the United States House of Representatives, Section VI is entitled "Montana Doomsday Religious Cult - "Church Universal and Triumphant".

Project Megiddo (October 1999)

Sjabloon:Details

Project Megiddo consisted of an FBI analysis, with a report released on October 20, 1999.[30] The report warned against: "the potential for extremist criminal activity in the United States by individuals or domestic groups who attach special significance to the year 2000."[30] Its analysis focused on apocalyptic religious groups, doomsday cults and (New World Order) conspiracy theories.

The report discussed the potential for violence in groups that it called "biblically-driven cults"[31] The report warned that "less time spent on Bible study and more time spent on physical training - indicate that the cult may be preparing for some type of action."[30] Groups singled out and analyzed in the report under the heading "Apocalyptic Cults" included the Branch Davidians, the Concerned Christians, and Law Revue.[30] The International Asatru-Odinic Alliance accused the FBI of violating its First Amendment rights to freedom of religion, free speech, and peaceful assembly. The reason given for this accusation was the propagation of "numerous false statements and innuendos" about Odinism in the Project Megiddo report.[32]

Assessing the Threat (December 1999)

On December 15, 1999 the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction presented a report called Assessing the Threat to the President of the United States and to the United States Congress. The report discusses the 1984 contamination of salad bars in Oregon by the Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh group, and the Aum Shinrikyo Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway of 1995. Both groups are referred to as cults in the report.[8]

Controversies

French list

The criteria chosen by the French Renseignements généraux to establish the potential dangers of a movement were criticized since they were considered vague and may include many organizations, religious or not. One of the first criticisms came from bishop Jean Vernette, the national secretary of the French episcopate to the study of cults and new religious movements, who stressed that these criteria can be applied to almost all religions. Moreover, sociologists such as Bruno Étienne emphasized that the mental manipulation should not be defined by the policemen of the Renseignements généraux.[33] The list of cults was based on the criteria defined by the Renseignements généraux, but without specifying which of their practices are specifically criticized. In addition, the secrecy of the work made by the RG led to questions about the presence or absence of certain organizations in the list. Étienne questioned the presence of the CEDIPAC SA company, formerly known as European Grouping of Marketing Professionals (GEPM), as its activity is not in the religious field.[34] The absence of Opus Dei or the Freemasons also raised questions.[35][36] In 2007, Yves Bertrand, General Director of the Renseignements généraux from 1992 to 2003, spoke about his collaborative work with the parliamentary reports on cults, and said: "Alongside genuine and dangerous cults practicing removal of school, abuse of weakness or pedophilia, some groups have been a bit quickly dress up of the word cult".[37] Furthermore, on 27 May 2005, the 1995 list of cults of the French report was officially cancelled and invalidated by Jean-Pierre Raffarin's circulaire.[38]

In France, Antoinism was classified as a cult in the 1995 parliamentary reports which considered it one of the oldest healer groups.[39] However, in a 1984 letter, the French Minister of the Interior wrote that the movement was considered, from an administrative point of view, as having for exclusive purpose the exercise of a religion, thus complying with the 18th and 19th Articles of the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. He added that antoinism had always been allowed to receive bequests or donations, which meant that its religious nature was never challenged.[40] In addition, many anti-cults activists, associations or watchers said they had not noticed cultic deviances in this group. For example, when heard by the Belgian commission on cults, philosopher Luc Nefontaine said that "the establishment of a directory of cult movements (...) seems to him dangerous, because it would also give a bad image of quite honourable organizations such as (...) Antoinism".[41] Eric Brasseur, director of Centre for information and advice on harmful cultish organizations (Centre d'information et d'avis sur les organisations sectaires nuisibles, or CIAOSN) said: "This is a Belgian worship for which we have never had a complaint in 12 years, a rare case to report".[42] Similarly, in 2013, the Interministerial Mission for Monitoring and Combatting Cultic Deviances (Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives sectaires, or MIVILUDES) made this comment: "We have never received reporting from Antoinists. They heal through prayer, but as long as they do not prevent people from getting proper treatment by legal means..." In addition, the Renseignements généraux stopped monitoring the religion given the absence of any problem.[43] In 2002, the national service "Pastoral, sects and new beliefs" ("Pastorale, sectes et nouvelles croyances"), which analyses new religious movements from a catholic point of view, wrote about Antoinism: "Although listed among the cults in the 1995 Parliamentary Report, it has no cultish feature."[44] Similarly, the French sociologist Régis Dericquebourg, who deeply studied the religion, concluded that Antoinism is not a cult: it "has no totalitarian influence on its members, and do not dictate their behaviour to get in the world; it is not exclusive [and] shows no hostility towards social systems".[45]

In France, the 1995 parliamentary report listed the Shri Ram Chandra Mission. This has been criticized by lawyer Lawrence Hincker, who said that "this system of meditation, called Sahaj Marg, does not lead to a life away from the world. It integrates all aspects of man, whether physical, mental or spiritual, without charge or austerity or penance or self-negation".[46] According to the sociologist Bruno Étienne, an expert on religious issues, the SRCM publishes books as any other group but does not proselytize, and has never been convicted: "To us, it is fully a NMR (new religious movement), modern religious group, although based on an ancient tradition, and subject to serious arguments advanced by others more knowledgeable, we do not understand why it is criticized on the list of the damned".[47] Raphaël Liogier, Director of the Observatory of religious and university professor at the Institut d'Études Politiques in Aix-en-Provence, said he did not understand the inclusion on the cult list of an association that is fully recognized in India.[48]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Richardson, James T. and Introvigne, Massimo (2001). Brainwashing' Theories in European Parliamentary and Administrative Reports on 'Cults' and 'Sects. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40 (2): 143–168. DOI:10.1111/0021-8294.00046.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Robbins, Thomas (2002). Combating 'Cults' and 'Brainwashing' in the United States and Europe: A Comment on Richardson and Introvigne's Report. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40 (2): 169–76. DOI:10.1111/0021-8294.00047.
  3. º International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Austria, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, United States Department of State.
    "The vast majority of groups termed "sects" by the Government were small organizations with fewer than 100 members. Among the larger groups was the Church of Scientology, with between 5,000 and 6,000 members, and the Unification Church, with approximately 700 adherents throughout the country. Other groups found in the country included Divine Light Mission, Eckankar, Hare Krishna, the Holosophic community, the Osho movement, Sahaja Yoga, Sai Baba, Sri Chinmoy, Transcendental Meditation, Landmark Education, the Center for Experimental Society Formation, Fiat Lux, Universal Life, and The Family."
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Enquête Parlementaire visant à élaborer une politique en vue de lutter contre les practiques illégales des sectes et le danger qu'elles représentent pour la société et pour les personnes, particulièrement les mineurs d'âge. Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'enquête par MM. Duquesne et Willems. Partie II. [Parliamentary Inquiry with the aim of detailing a policy for combating the illegal practices of cults and the danger they represent for society and for people, especially minors. Report made in the name of the Commission of Inquiry by Messieurs Duquesne and Willems. Part 2.] available online -- bilingual report in French and Flemish, retrieved 2007-01-08.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 "Doomsday Religious Movements", PERSPECTIVES, a Canadian Security Intelligence Service publication, Report # 2000/03, December 18, 1999. available online, last updated November 1, 2000.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 French report, 1995, English translation, National Assembly of France, Parliamentary Commission report.
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Rũhle (ed.), Anne, Ina Kunst, "Sekten": Risiken und Nebenwirkungen: Informationen zu ausgewählten neuen religiõsen und weltanschaulichen Bewegungen und Psychoangeboten. [Cults: Risks and Side-effects. Information on selected new religious and world-view Movements and Psycho-offerings], 2nd (German), Senatsverwaltung für Schule, Jugend and Sport. [Senate Administration for School, Youth and Sport] [1994] (December 1997). Opgehaald op 2007-02-06
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction, Assessing The Threat: First Annual Report to The President and The Congress of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction (PDF), DIANE Publishing (December 15, 1999), p. 18, 24, 26, 28, 38, 40, 46–51
  9. º Hon. S. B. MUTCH. "Kenja Cult", Parliament of New South Wales, transcript, www.parliament.nsw.gov.au, November 24, 1992. Geraadpleegd op 2008-08-10.
  10. º International Religious Freedom Report for 2012. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Geraadpleegd op 2013-09-03.
  11. º Austria. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2011-09-13). Geraadpleegd op 2013-09-03.
  12. º Fautré, Willy (2002). The Sect Issue in France and in Belgium (PDF). Human Rights Without Frontiers Int.. Geraadpleegd op 2007-01-23.
  13. º Human Rights Without Frontiers International: Human Rights in Belgium Annual Report (Events in 2005).
  14. º Edmonton Police Report of Wilful Promotion of Hatred by Chinese Consular Officials against Falun Gong, Appendix 8 to "Bloody Harvest: Revised Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China," By David Matas, Esq. and Hon. David Kilgour, Esq.
  15. º Jason Kindopp, Carol Lee Hamrin (editors), God and Caesar in China, Brookings Institution Press, 2004, ISBN 0815749368, page 73
  16. º Daniel H. Bays, A New History of Christianity in China, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012, ISBN 9781405159548
  17. º Fenggang Yang, Religion in China: Survival and Revival under Communist Rule, 2011, Oxford University Press, ISBN13: 9780199735648, pages 102-195
  18. º US Commission on International Religious Freedom, 2001, US GPO, page 28
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 19,4 Raffarin, Jean-Pierre (2005-06-01). Circulaire du 27 mai 2005 relative à la lutte contre les dérives sectaires (in French). JORF n°126 du 1 juin 2005 page 9751 texte n° 8 pp. 9751. République Française. Geraadpleegd op 2007-07-26.
  20. º ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE (1999-06-10). Les sectes et l'argent [Cults and money] (in French). République Française. Geraadpleegd op 3007-07-26.
  21. º Fenech, Georges (2006-06-21). RAPPORT FAIT AU NOM DE LA COMMISSION DES LOIS CONSTITUTIONNELLES, DE LA LÉGISLATION ET DE L'ADMINISTRATION GÉNÉRALE DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE SUR LA PROPOSITION DE RÉSOLUTION (n° 3107) DE M. VUILQUE ET PLUSIEURS DE SES COLLÈGUES tendant à la création d'une commission d'enquête relative à l'influence des mouvements à caractère sectaire et aux conséquences de leurs pratiques sur la santé physique et mentale des mineurs (in French). République Française. Geraadpleegd op 2008-07-26.
  22. º TRIBUNAL ADMINISTRATIF DE CAEN N° 0500913 (in French) (PDF). Le Tribunal administratif de Caen, (1er Chambre) (2007). Geraadpleegd op 2008-07-26.
  23. º Cults, Religion & Violence 2002 ISBN 05216689805 Sjabloon:Please check ISBN, (Listed as "Dangerous" by the French Parliamentary Commission (1996), also defined as "enemies of the state" in Greece, 1993).
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Assemblée Nationale (1999-06-10). Les sectes et l'argent [Cults and money] (in French). République Française. Geraadpleegd op 2009-04-20.
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 Assemblée Nationale (1999-06-10). Les sectes et l'argent - Annexes (Cults and money - Appendices) (in French). République Française. Geraadpleegd op 2009-04-20.
  26. º Assemblée Nationale (1999-06-10). Les sectes et l'argent - Annexes (Cults and money - Appendices) (in French). République Française. Geraadpleegd op 2009-04-20.
  27. º The new nobility : the restoration of Russia's security state and the enduring legacy of the KGB, Author: Andreĭ Soldatov; I Borogan, Publisher: New York, NY : PublicAffairs, ©2010. pages 65-66
  28. º Persecuted: The Global Assault on Christians (Google eBook), Paul Marshall, 2013, Thomas Nelson Inc
  29. º Suspect Organizations and Individuals Possessing Long-Range Fifty Caliber Sniper Weapons, United States House of Representatives, Committee on Government Reform, August 17, 1999., VI: Additional Cases: "Montana Doomsday Religious Cult - "Church Universal and Triumphant", Page 8.

    The GAO investigators found a 1989 case in Montana in which members of a "doomsday religious cult" had stockpiled many weapons, including several fifty caliber weapons. The cult is called the "Church Universal and Triumphant" (C.U.T.), and its leader is Elizabeth Clare Prophet. The cult was in the process of building underground bunkers to prepare for the end of the world. This investigation began because Ms. Prophet's and another cult member used birth certificates of deceased individuals to obtain driver's licenses so that they could purchase and stockpile weapons.
    In an ATF crackdown, agents found that the cult members had illegally acquired hundreds of weapons and thousands of rounds of ammunition. Among this stockpile was ten semi-automatic fifty caliber weapons purchased with false identifications. The cult members were convicted of illegally purchasing firearms. According to GAO, Ms. Prophet continues to lead the cult and was not charged in connection with these offenses.
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 Project Megiddo, FBI Strategic Assessment, October 20, 1999, retrieved 2007-07-03
  31. º Project Megiddo (PDF) pp. 4. FBI. Geraadpleegd op 2008-10-13.
  32. º IAOA news release
  33. º Étienne, Bruno, Les sectes en France (French). Hachette littératures, 2002
  34. º Étienne, Bruno, Les sectes en France (French). Hachette littératures, 2002
  35. º Étienne, Bruno, Les sectes en France (French). Hachette littératures, 2002
  36. º Raphaël Verrier (February 2001). La loi anti-secte : remède empoisonné d'un mal imaginaire (in French). Les mots sont importants. Geraadpleegd op 9 September 2009.
  37. º Bertrand, Yves, Je ne sais rien mais je dirai (presque) tout (French). Plon, 1997
  38. º (23 June 2005)La fin des listes noires. Le Point. Geraadpleegd op 10 September 2010.
  39. º Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'enquête sur les sectes — "Les sectes en France" (in French). Assemblée Nationale (1995). Geraadpleegd op 10 September 2010.
  40. º Kounkou, Dominique, “Chapitre 2: Les enfants dans la tourmente "sectaire"”, La religion, une anomalie républicaine? (French). L'Harmattan, 2003
  41. º Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'Enquête par MM. Duquesne et Willems (partie I) (in French) (pdf). Chambre des Représentants de Belgique (1997). Geraadpleegd op 10 September 2010.
  42. º Taminiaux, Déborah (1er novembre 2012). L'antoinisme, seul mouvement religieux né en Belgique. La Libre Belgique. Geraadpleegd op 5 November 2012.
  43. º Mourez, Justin (23 mars 2013). Faut-il se méfier des fidèles du Culte Antoiniste ?. Le Progrès.
  44. º Pastorale, sectes et nouvelles croyances (octobre 2002). L'Antoinisme (in French). troumad. Geraadpleegd op 6 September 2012.
  45. º Dericquebourg, Régis, Les Antoinistes (French). Brépols, 1993
  46. º Hincker, Laurent, Sectes, rumeurs et tribunaux (French). La nuée bleue, 2003
  47. º Étienne, Bruno, La France face aux sectes (French)
  48. º Transcription intégrale de l'interview de Raphaël Liogier (in French). Centre d'Information et de Conseil des Nouvelles Spiritualités (May 2006). Geraadpleegd op 4 August 2010.
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Further reading

Sjabloon:New Religious Movements, Cults, and Sects

Overgenomen van "https://nl.wikisage.org/w/index.php?title=Lijsten_van_vermeende_sekten&oldid=139943"