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''' | De '''Oerknal''' theorie is het heersende kosmologische model dat het bestaan van het waarneembare heelal verklaart uit de vroegst bekende perioden door de daaropvolgende grootschalige evolutie. Het model beschrijft hoe het universum uitdijde vanuit een begintoestand van hoge energiedichtheid en temperatuuren en biedt een uitgebreide verklaring voor een breed scala aan waargenomen verschijnselen, waaronder de overvloed aan lichte elementen, de kosmische microgolfachtergrond (CMB) en grootschalige structuur. | ||
: | The '''Big Bang''' [[Scientific theory|theory]] is the prevailing [[cosmological model]] explaining the existence of the [[observable universe]] from the [[Planck units#Cosmology|earliest known periods]] through its subsequent large-scale evolution.{{sfn|Silk|2009|p=208}}{{sfn|Singh|2004|p=560|ps=. Book limited to 532 pages. Correct source page requested.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/ |title=Cosmology: The Study of the Universe |author=NASA/WMAP Science Team |date=6 June 2011 |work=Universe 101: Big Bang Theory |publisher=[[NASA]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629050256/https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/ |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=live |quote=The second section discusses the classic tests of the Big Bang theory that make it so compelling as the most likely valid and accurate description of our universe.}}</ref> The model describes how the [[Expansion of the universe|universe expanded]] from an initial state of high [[Energy density|density]] and [[temperature]],<ref name="HTUW">{{cite serial |title=First Second of the Big Bang |url=https://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-shows/how-the-universe-works/full-episodes/first-second |series=[[How the Universe Works#Season 3 (2014)|How The Universe Works]] |last=Bridge |first=Mark (Director) |network=[[Science Channel]] |location=Silver Spring, MD |date=30 July 2014}}</ref> and offers a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena, including the abundance of [[light element]]s, the [[cosmic microwave background]] (CMB) [[Electromagnetic radiation|radiation]], and [[Large-scale structure of the Universe|large-scale structure]]. | ||
Crucially, the theory is compatible with [[Hubble–Lemaître law]]—the observation that the farther away a [[galaxy]] is, the faster it is moving away from Earth. Extrapolating this [[Expansion of the universe|cosmic expansion]] backwards in time using the known [[Scientific law#Laws of physics|laws of physics]], the theory describes an increasingly concentrated cosmos preceded by a [[Gravitational singularity|singularity]] in which [[Spacetime|space and time]] lose meaning (typically named "the Big Bang singularity").<ref name="books.google.com">{{harvnb|Chow|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fp9wrkMYHvMC&pg=PA211 211]}}</ref> Detailed measurements of the expansion rate of the [[universe]] place the Big Bang singularity at around 13.8 [[1,000,000,000 (number)|billion]] years ago, which is thus considered the [[age of the universe]].<ref name="esa">{{cite web | url=https://www.mpg.de/7044245/Planck_cmb_universe |title=Planck reveals an almost perfect universe | date=March 21, 2013 | publisher=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft | access-date=2020-11-17 }}</ref> | |||
After its initial expansion, an event that is by itself often called "the Big Bang", the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of [[subatomic particle]]s, and later [[atom]]s. Giant clouds of these primordial elements—mostly [[hydrogen]], with some [[helium]] and [[lithium]]—later coalesced through [[gravity]], forming early [[star]]s and galaxies, the descendants of which are visible today. Besides these primordial building materials, astronomers observe the gravitational effects of an unknown [[dark matter]] surrounding galaxies. Most of the [[gravitational potential]] in the universe seems to be in this form, and the Big Bang theory and various observations indicate that this excess gravitational potential is not created by [[baryonic matter]], such as normal atoms. Measurements of the redshifts of [[type Ia supernova|supernovae]] indicate that the [[Accelerating expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe is accelerating]], an observation attributed to [[dark energy]]'s existence.<ref name="peebles">{{cite journal|last1=Peebles|first1=P. J. E.|last2=Ratra|first2=Bharat|author-link2=Bharat Ratra|date=22 April 2003|title=The cosmological constant and dark energy|journal=[[Reviews of Modern Physics]]|volume=75|issue=2|pages=559–606|arxiv=astro-ph/0207347|bibcode=2003RvMP...75..559P|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.75.559|author-link1=Jim Peebles|s2cid=118961123}}</ref> | |||
[[Georges Lemaître]] first noted in 1927 that an expanding [[universe]] could be traced back in time to an originating single point, which he called the "primeval atom". [[Edwin Hubble]] confirmed through analysis of galactic [[redshift]]s in 1929 that galaxies are indeed drifting apart; this is important observational evidence for an expanding universe. For several decades, the scientific community was divided between supporters of the Big Bang and the rival [[steady-state model]] which both offered explanations for the observed expansion, but the steady-state model stipulated an eternal universe in contrast to the Big Bang's finite age. In 1964, the CMB was discovered, which convinced many cosmologists that the steady-state theory was [[Falsifiability|falsified]],<ref>{{harvnb|Partridge|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5G3wdV1IPE4C&pg=PR17 xvii]}}</ref> since, unlike the [[Steady state|steady-state]] theory, the hot Big Bang predicted a uniform background radiation throughout the universe caused by the high temperatures and densities in the distant past. A wide range of empirical evidence strongly favors the Big Bang, which is now essentially universally accepted.<ref name="Kragh_1996">{{harvnb|Kragh|1996|p=[https://archive.org/details/cosmologycontrov00helg 319]}}: "At the same time that observations tipped the balance definitely in favor of relativistic big-bang theory, ..."</ref> | |||
{{Appendix}} | {{Appendix}} | ||
Versie van 28 dec 2021 09:24
De Oerknal theorie is het heersende kosmologische model dat het bestaan van het waarneembare heelal verklaart uit de vroegst bekende perioden door de daaropvolgende grootschalige evolutie. Het model beschrijft hoe het universum uitdijde vanuit een begintoestand van hoge energiedichtheid en temperatuuren en biedt een uitgebreide verklaring voor een breed scala aan waargenomen verschijnselen, waaronder de overvloed aan lichte elementen, de kosmische microgolfachtergrond (CMB) en grootschalige structuur.
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model explaining the existence of the observable universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution.[1][2][3] The model describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature,[4] and offers a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena, including the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, and large-scale structure.
Crucially, the theory is compatible with Hubble–Lemaître law—the observation that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from Earth. Extrapolating this cosmic expansion backwards in time using the known laws of physics, the theory describes an increasingly concentrated cosmos preceded by a singularity in which space and time lose meaning (typically named "the Big Bang singularity").[5] Detailed measurements of the expansion rate of the universe place the Big Bang singularity at around 13.8 billion years ago, which is thus considered the age of the universe.[6]
After its initial expansion, an event that is by itself often called "the Big Bang", the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles, and later atoms. Giant clouds of these primordial elements—mostly hydrogen, with some helium and lithium—later coalesced through gravity, forming early stars and galaxies, the descendants of which are visible today. Besides these primordial building materials, astronomers observe the gravitational effects of an unknown dark matter surrounding galaxies. Most of the gravitational potential in the universe seems to be in this form, and the Big Bang theory and various observations indicate that this excess gravitational potential is not created by baryonic matter, such as normal atoms. Measurements of the redshifts of supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, an observation attributed to dark energy's existence.[7]
Georges Lemaître first noted in 1927 that an expanding universe could be traced back in time to an originating single point, which he called the "primeval atom". Edwin Hubble confirmed through analysis of galactic redshifts in 1929 that galaxies are indeed drifting apart; this is important observational evidence for an expanding universe. For several decades, the scientific community was divided between supporters of the Big Bang and the rival steady-state model which both offered explanations for the observed expansion, but the steady-state model stipulated an eternal universe in contrast to the Big Bang's finite age. In 1964, the CMB was discovered, which convinced many cosmologists that the steady-state theory was falsified,[8] since, unlike the steady-state theory, the hot Big Bang predicted a uniform background radiation throughout the universe caused by the high temperatures and densities in the distant past. A wide range of empirical evidence strongly favors the Big Bang, which is now essentially universally accepted.[9]
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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